genetics final

Question 1

cytokinesis (MITOSIS)

Answer 1

cell physically divides

Question 2

nonsense mutation

Answer 2

changes an amino acid into a stop codon

Question 3

insertions

Answer 3

additional nucleotides are inserted into the DNA

Question 4

DNA synthesis

Answer 4

unwind the DNA, initiate replication, and add new nucleotides

Question 5

Anaphase (MITOSIS)

Answer 5

APART (4th) sister chromatids, separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

Question 6

missense mutation

Answer 6

changes an amino acid in a protein

Question 7

gene therapy

Answer 7

technique that modifies a person’s genes to treat or cure disease

Question 8

DNA Polymerase

Answer 8

Adds new nucleotides to the growing DNA strand by matching them to the complementary bases on the template strand

Question 9

frameshift

Answer 9

the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three

Question 10

compare DNA and RNA structure

Answer 10

DNA is double-stranded, forming a double helix, while RNA is usually single-stranded (t in DNA u in RNA)

Question 11

prok vs euk genomes

Answer 11

euks, genome consists of several double-stranded DNA molecules packaged into chromosomes

proks, single, circular chromosome located in a central region called the nucleoid

Question 12

Interphase

Answer 12

INITAL (1st) before the active cell division phase (looks like a plate of spaghetti noodles) chromosomes replicate; S phase

Question 13

promoter

Answer 13

regulatory region, signals for starting transcription

Question 14

block it method

Answer 14

establishes necessity (What happens if this gene is not expressed?) ( ex. RNAi method)

Question 15

gene therapy delivery method

Answer 15

A vector is a vehicle that carries and delivers genetic material into a cell

Question 16

gene expression in proks

Answer 16

RNA transcription and protein formation occur almost simultaneously

Question 17

ddNTP or dideoxyribonucleotides

Answer 17

molecules that lack a 3’ hydroxyl group in the deoxyribose sugar

Question 18

Ribosome

Answer 18

A complex of RNA and proteins that facilitates the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis

Question 19

sister chromatids

Answer 19

identical copies of DNA joined at the centromere

Question 21

RNA primase

Answer 21

an enzyme that synthesizes short RNA primers that initiate DNA replication

Question 22

mitosis

Answer 22

eukaryotic cell division producing two identical daughter cells

Question 23

gene expression in euks

Answer 23

RNA transcription occurs prior to protein formation, and it takes place in the nucleus. Translation of RNA to protein occurs in the cytoplasm.

Question 24

Metaphase (MITOSIS)

Answer 24

(3rd) nucleus dissolves and cell’s chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the center of the mitotic spindle

Question 25

DNA Primase

Answer 25

Synthesizes short RNA primers on the DNA template, which act as starting points for DNA polymerase to begin adding nucleotides

Question 26

Protein synthesis

Answer 26

(translation) ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain

Question 27

DNA Ligase

Answer 27

Transcribes DNA into RNA by adding RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand

Question 28

telophase (MITOSIS)

Answer 28

separated chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, the nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes,

Question 29

ddNTP function

Answer 29

inhibit the DNA polymerase enzyme, preventing the formation of a phosphodiester bond

Question 30

RNA synthesis

Answer 30

(transcription) - uses RNA polymerase which reads DNA and builds an RNA molecule based on the complementary base pairs

Question 31

move it method

Answer 31

establishes sufficiency (What happens if this gene is ectopically expressed?)

Question 32

miRNA vs mRNA

Answer 32

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA (RNA that does not encode a protein) with a length of about 22 base. It binds to a complementary sequence in the 3'UTR of mRNA (coding RNA), and thereby regulates the gene expression

Question 33

Prophase 1

Answer 33

condense, different form mitosis: homologous chromosomes pair up + crossing over occurs

Question 34

deletions

Answer 34

a type of mutation that involves the loss of one or more nucleotides from a segment of DNA

Question 35

comparing PCR and DNA replication

Answer 35

PCR and DNA replication are two processes responsible for DNA synthesis tho, DNA replication, amplifies all of a cell's DNA while PCR does targeted amplification to replicate only a segment of DNA

Question 36

Interphase (MEIOSIS)

Answer 36

undergoes a period of growth

Question 37

regulatory vs coding regions of a gene

Answer 37

regulatory region contains DNA sequence involved in the control of where and when the genes will be turned on to produce mRNA vs the coding region is used as template to produce RNA molecules in a process

Question 38

products of meiosis

Answer 38

four haploid cells, genetically distinct daughter cells

Question 39

DNA Helicase

Answer 39

Unwinds the DNA double helix to create a replication fork, separating the strands for replication to occur

Question 40

compare DNA and RNA synthesis

Answer 40

DNA replication is essential for cell division, while RNA synthesis is the first step in protein synthesis

Question 41

find it experiments

Answer 41

experiments establish correlations (Where and when is this gene expressed?) (ex. COVID PCR test, In situ hybridization)

Question 42

FIRST INITIAL cell division process

Answer 42

G1 phase when cell grows and is metabolically active

Question 43

transcription

Answer 43

direct the synthesis of proteins

Question 44

Prophase (MITOSIS)

Answer 44

the 2nd stage of cell division where the chromatin inside the nucleus condenses into visible chromosomes