Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genetics > Genetics Exam 2 > Flashcards

Genetics Exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do Sex Chromosomes pair up during meiosis?

A

Pseudo autosomal regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

H0 (null hypothesis)

A

deviations between the expected and observed ratios/numbers are due to random chance/sampling error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ha

A

Random chance does not explain the differences between the observed and expected observations for a sex linked trait
1. therefore, the trait is due to something else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

dimer

A

two proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

homodimer

A

two of the same dimer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

heterodimer

A

two different dimers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mammals and flies

A

females are the homogametic sex (XX) and males are the heterogametic sex (XY)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Butterflies and Birds

A

Males are the homogametic sex (ZZ) and females are the heterogametic sex (ZW)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

necessary

A

it is needed to work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sufficient

A

it can work by itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

turner syndrome

A

X0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Kleinfelter syndrome

A

XXY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

low response to hormones (testosterone), common cause for XY females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

high production of hormones (testosterone), XX individuals can be: typical male, combines female and male characteristics, typical female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Polyploid

A

when there are more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes (not viable in humans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

aneuploid

A

an abnormal number of one or more chromosomes, most are lethal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

SRY

A

activates male development pathways: SRY produces transcription factor TDF which activates testes-promoting genes and represses ovary-promoting genes
- causes undifferentiated gonad to form into testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Leydig cells

A

produce testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sertoli cells

A

produce anti-mullerian hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Wolffian duct

A

develops into vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

mullerian duct

A

becomes oviduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Population genetics

A

understand how and why allele frequencies change over time within and between populations

23
Q

polymorphisms

A

individuals of a population often display different phenotypes, or express different alleles of a particular gene

24
Q

population variation

A

the distribution of phenotypes among individuals. Influenced by genetic structure of population and the environment

25
Q

natural selection

A

can only act on heritable traits

26
Q

acquired traits

A

traits that are usually not heritable (ex: strength, languages)

27
Q

heritability

A

the fraction of phenotype variation that can be attributed to genetic differences among individuals in a population

28
Q

genetic drift

A

allele frequencies change sue to chance (ex: chance mating)
- natural disaster= decrease/change allele frequencies

29
Q

gene flow

A

2 distinct populations of aa species that are not breeding that start breeding and change allele frequencies

30
Q

bottleneck effect

A

whoever makes it through will establish the new population

31
Q

gene pool

A

the set of all genes (alleles) in a population

32
Q

HWE assumptions

A

-no selection (each allele has equal fitness)
- random mating
- no migration in or out of the population
- no mutation (no new alleles)
- large population size
- organisms are diploid

33
Q

evolution

A

changes in allele frequency of a population over (generational) time

34
Q

In a population, allele frequencies are a reflection of _______

A

genetic diversity

35
Q

If the assumptions of HWE are met, allele frequencies _________

A

don’t change over time

36
Q

departures from the 1:1:1:1 ratio indicates… or 9:3:3:1

A

that the two genes are on the same chromosome (linked) for AaBb x aabb test cross or AaBb x AaBb

37
Q

there are ______ parental types than recombinant types

A

more

38
Q

nonrecombinant

A

has genotype of parent-> no crossovers occurred

39
Q

recombinant

A

different than the parent

40
Q

complete linkage

A

all nonrecombinant; no crossing over

41
Q

genes of different chromosomes yield ____% recombination frequency

A

50%, because of independent assortment
**genes that lie far apart on the same chromosome also show 50%

42
Q

How do you show definitely that two genes are on the same chromosome?

A

show definite linkage with other genes that are between them

43
Q

genetic linkage

A

a physical relationship between genes located near one another on a chromosome

44
Q

syntenic genes

A

physically located on the same chromosome

45
Q

recombination

A

occurs between linked genes in fewer then 50% of meiotic divisions–> more than 50% of gametes will contain parental combinations of alleles

46
Q

incomplete linkage

A

crossing over leads to recombinant gametes

47
Q

What did human migration do?

A

carried subsets of genetic diversity to new locations. Each population established different allele frequencies
- genetic testing companies use these population -level allele frequencies to guess your genetic ancestry

48
Q

ancestry reports

A

determine percentage of your DNA that originated from different populations

49
Q

Companies save money by testing ___

A

SNPs

50
Q

haplotype

A

a set of SNPs found on the same chromosome

51
Q

Since we are diploid, how many haplotypes do we have for a stretch of DNA?

A

2

52
Q

Genetic Admixture

A

occurs when previously diverged or isolated genetic linkages mix

53
Q

By how much does ancestral DNA decrease with each generation?

A

it is approximately halved

Genetics (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions