Genetics, Conception and Fetal development Flashcards
Genotype
Person’s genetic make up
Phenotype
How genes are outwardly expressed; hair color, eye color, height
Importance of genetics and genomics
Prevent diseases
predict diseases
diagnose diseases
develop treatment plans.
List recessive genetic diseases
Sickle cell anemia
Cystic fibrosis
Tay-sach’s disease
Phenylketonuria
What are some dominant genetic diseases?
Huntington’s disease
Sex linked genetic diseases
Hemophilia
Duchene’s muscular dystrophy
What are some of the risk factors to genetic disorders?
maternal age > 35
History of previous pregnancy resulting in abnormalities
One or both parents with genetic disorders
Family history
Why is it important for parents to use gene therapy?
Prepare to raise a child with genetic disorders
Seek counselling on whether to keep or terminate the pregnancy.
What are teratogens?
Drugs, viruses, infections, or other exposures that may cause fetal abnormalities.
Phases of the ovarian cycle
Follicular
Ovulatory
Luteal
Follicular phase
1st day of menstruation to 12-14 days
The LH and FSH cause the Graafian follicle to mature and produce estrogen
Ovulatory phase
Peak of estrogen to release of the egg (oocyte).
Luteal phase
After ovulation for 14 days.
Empty follicle forms the corpus luteum
High progesterone and low estrogen
Endometrial cycle
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Menstrual phase
Proliferative phase
Menstruation to ovulation
Endometrium becomes thicker and vascular due to increasing estrogen levels
Secretory phase
Ovulation to menstruation
Progesterone from Corpus luteum is main hormone
Menstrual phase
Expulsion of endometrial tissue
Zygote
Fertilized oocyte
Embryo
First 8 weeks
Fetus
From 9 weeks
Ductus venosus
Umbilical vein to IVC
Right atrium to left atrium
Foramen ovale
Left ventricle to aorta
Ductus arteriosus
Amnion is the _____membrane
Chorion is the ______ membrane
Amnion - inner
Chorion- outer
What are the functions of the amniotic fluid?
From maternal movements
From amniotic membrane
Thermal environment
Freedom of movement-musculoskeletal development
At 34 weeks amniotic fluid peaks at
At term the amniotic fluid reduces to
800-1000
500-600
Polyhydramnios
Excess amniotic fluid- 1500-2000
Oligohydramnios
Decreased amount of amniotic fluid
500 at term of 50% reduction
Functions of the placenta
Metabolic and gas exchange
Hormone production
When is the placenta fully functional?
Between the 8th and 10th week
________ carries waste products and deoxygenated blood from fetus
Chorionic villus artery
_________ returns oxygenated blood and nutrients to fetus
Chorionic villus vein
What is Wharton’s jelly?
A collagenous substance that protects the vessels from compression
Why does the nurse assess and document the number of cord vessels after delivery?
Newborns with two vessels, one artery and one vein have 20% chance of having cardiac or vascular defect.
List causes of infertility (Male)
- Endocrine causes
- Gonadotoxins affecting spermatogenesis
- Sperm antibodies
- Blocked sperm transport factors
- Intercourse disorders
Factors affecting spermatogenesis (6)
- Drugs
- Infections and viruses
- Systemic illnesses
- Prolonged heat exposure (Hot tubs, tight underwear, bike riding)
- Pesticide exposure
- Radiation
Female infertility causative factors
Ovulatory dysfunction
Tubal and pelvic pathology
Cervical mucus factors (Infection and surgery)
