Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year Three - Specialities > Genetics - Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Genetics - Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of cell division?

A

It allows organisms to grow and develop, to replace dead cells and repair tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The sequence of events a cell goes through in order to duplicate its contents and divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the cell cycle consists of?

A

Interphase

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is interphase?

A

It involves cellular components being duplicated and being built up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of interphase?

A

It prepares the cell for mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three phases of interphase?

A

G1

S

G2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What occurs during G1?

A

The cell synthesises new proteins and synthesises new organelles through duplication

This is the first growth stage for the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What occurs during S?

A

DNA replication occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What occurs during G2?

A

The cell synthesis more proteins and duplicates more organelles, in preparation for mitosis

This phase also involves the cell checking for any errors that occurred during the S phase

This is the second growth stage for the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What occurs during prophase?

A

The chromosomes condense,

The nuclear membrane disappears

The cell’s microtubules start to disassemble and assemble the spindle fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What occurs during metaphase?

A

The chromosomes line up on the metaphasic plate of the cell

This is an imaginary plane equidistant from the two centrosome poles

The movement is achieved by the assembly and disassembly of the microtubules to form spindle fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What occurs during anaphase?

A

The spindle fibres attached to the kinetochores of the chromosome start to disassemble, pulling the sister chromatids apart to opposite sides of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What occurs during telophase?

A

The cell forms two daughter nuclei as the chromosomes are fully separated to opposite poles of the cell

The nuclear membrane is reformed around the two nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What occurs during cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm splits and we form two new daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is mitosis and cytokinesis collectively termed as?

A

M phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is meiosis?

A

It is the process of cell division of gametes in the reproductive organs

It results in diploid cells in the ovaries and testes dividing to form haploid egg and sperm cells

18
Q

How many rounds of cell division occur during meiosis?

A

Two

19
Q

How many haploid cells are formed via meiosis?

A

Four

20
Q

What are the four phases of meiosis?

A

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

21
Q

What occurs during meiosis I?

A

It is a process which is used to separate the homologous chromosomes apart.

22
Q

What occurs during meiosis II?

A

It is a process which is used to separate chromosomes apart into chromatids

23
Q

What occurs during prophase I?

A

During this step the chromosomes condense, then pair up, gene by gene with their homologous chromosome

24
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

It is the structure formed when the homologous chromosomes pair up together during prophase I

25
Q

What are chiasmata?

A

The random points at which the the inner non-sister chromatids touch each other when the homologous chromosomes pair up together

At these points, the inner chromatids break and swap section of DNA from after that point

26
Q

What is the function of chiasmata?

A

They allow crossing over of genetic information between the homologous chromosomes

This increases variation in gametes and results in recombinant chromosomes

27
Q

What occurs during metaphase I?

A

The nuclear membrane breaks down, allowing the homologous chromosome pairs to line up alone the metaphasic plate of the cell

The centrioles also start to create microtubules which extend and attach to the kinetochores of the chromatids

28
Q

How do chromosomes line up along the metastatic plate of the cell? What does this mean? What is this process called?

A

They are positioned randomly, irrespective of their parental origin

There is no control over which chromosome of each pair goes to which side of the cell, so there is no maternal set of chromosomes on one side and paternal set on the other

Independent assortment

29
Q

What is the function of independent assortment?

A

This results in new combinations of alleles and an increase in variation

30
Q

What occurs during anaphase I?

A

The microtubules shorten and pull on the kinetochores so that the homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

31
Q

What occurs during telophase I?

A

As the chromosomes approach opposite ends of the cell, the cell begins to divide

32
Q

What occurs during cytokinesis I?

A

During this step, the gamete mother cell fully separates into two daughter cells

33
Q

At the end of meiosis one, how many chromosomes and chromatids are found in the daughter cells?

A

23 chromosomes

46 chromatids

This means the chromosomes consist of two chromatids each

34
Q

Are cells at the end of meiosis I haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

This is due to there being only one copy of the homologous chromosome present in each cell

35
Q

What occurs during prophase II?

A

The nuclear membrane of each cell breaks down again

No crossing over occurs as there is only one chromosome now in each cell

36
Q

What occurs during metaphase II?

A

The chromosomes line up along the metaphasic plate of the cell but unlike metaphase I the chromosomes line up individually rather than with their homologous chromosome

The centrioles create and extend microtubules so that they can attach to the kinetochores of each sister chromatid

37
Q

What occurs during anaphase II?

A

The microtubules shorten and pull on the kinetochores of the chromatids

This results in the chromatids of the chromosomes being pulled to opposite ends of the cell

38
Q

What occurs during telophase II?

A

The chromatids (chromosomes) group at each end of the cell and a nuclear membrane form around them

The cell then begins to divide

39
Q

What occurs during cytokinesis II?

A

Each cell divides into two, forming a total of four haploid cells

40
Q

At the end of meiosis two, how many chromosomes and chromatids are found in the daughter cells?

A

23 chromosomes

23 chromatids

41
Q

What two processes result in the four haploid cells being genetically different to each other?

A

Crossing over

Independent assortment

Year Three - Specialities (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions