genetics and inheritance Flashcards
study of gene transmission from generation to generation
genetics
DNA sequences that contain instructions (nucleotide sequence) for building proteins
genes
The sum of all genetic material, including its coding and noncoding nucleic acid sequence
genome
used to collect hereditary information such as possible illnesses and mixed races
Genome Wide Arrays
last pair in a karyotype
allosomes
first 22 pairs in a karyotype
autosomes
location of a specific pair of genes
gene locus
Alternative versions of the same gene pair
alleles
identical allele at one particular locus
homozygous
different allele at one particular locus
heterozygous
Masks or suppresses the expression of the complementary allele.
Always expressed, even if heterozygous
dominant allele
Will only be expressed if the individual’s genes are homozygous for the recessive allele
recessive allele
born with more than 10 fingers
polydactyly
created punnett squares
gregor mandel
introduces statistics and probability to genetics
Punnett squares
Gametes carry only 1 allele in each gene, and Parent A and Parent B alleles are given to the offspring separately
Law of Segregation
Genes for different traits are separated during meiosis if the 2 genes are in different chromosomes. // “crossing over”
Law of Independent Assortment
A homozygous recessive pair is equal to 2 recessive genes.
Also considers the Punnett square analysis
Law of dominance
Parent A is a white dog, and parent B is a black dog
Offspring: white OR black dog
complete dominance
Parent A is a white dog, and parent B is a black dog
Offspring: gray dog
incomplete dominance
Parent A is a white dog, and Parent B is a black dog
Offspring: black AND white spots
co-dominance
Inheritance of phenotypic traits that depend on many genes
polygenetic inheritance
Genes are supposed to be even but sometimes when crossing over happens, they dont shuffle or separate due to being too close in distance
linked allele
when the sex of the offspring affects their genetics
sex-linked inheretance
hemophilia is an example of what type of inheritance?
a.) linked allele
b.) polygenetic
c.) sex linked
c - sex linked
unseparated homologous chromosomes
non-disjunction genetic disorders
commonly known as trisomy 21 and is the most common genetic disorder and non-disjunction example
down syndrome
what is this syndrome?
- Characteristically short, simian crease, epicanthic fold in eye corner, and challenges in mental faculties
down syndrome
XXY - if an egg cell with an extra X chromosome is fertilized with sperm with 1 Y chromosome
Klinefelter syndrome
name the syndrome:
- taller male with a less muscular physique than males their age, broader hips and longer legs, larger breasts, weaker bones, low energy levels, smaller penis, and testicles
Klinefelter syndrome
“hypospadias”
opening of the urethra
XYY - Male receives an extra Y chromosome
Jacob syndrome
XO - monosomy
- all or part of the X chromosome is absent
Turner syndrome
name the syndrome:
- Short stature, webbed neck, broad shield-like chest
Rudimentary ovaries and underdeveloped breasts
turner syndrome
when a piece of a chromosome breaks off
deletions
occurs when a piece of a chromosome breaks off and then attaches to another chromosome
translocations
deletion of chromosome 5
those affected with this syndrome have cries that sound similar to a cat
cri du chat syndrome
2 copies of the mutated gene from each parent are present in the offspring
recessive alleles inherited genetic disorders
Metabolic disease that is caused by a buildup of phenylalanine in the body due to enzyme deficiency
phenylketonuria (PKU)
Caused by the absence of hexosaminidase-A (hex-A) which allows fat to accumulate in the brain
- Lifespan of only 5-6 years
Tay-Sachs disease
The cerebral section of the brain degenerates
- Each child of an infected parent has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene
huntington’s disease
Visualizes relationships within families, particularly large extended families
pedigree analysis
