BIOTECHNOLOGY & ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Flashcards
using biological tools and knowledge for human purposes
biotechnology
manipulation of the genetic makeup of cells or whole organisms
genetic engineering
Type of genetic engineering wherein you recombine 2 DNA strands from 2 organisms for the purposes of making more and amplifying it
recombinant DNA technology
cuts DNA at specific cites
restriction enzymes
joins fragments of DNA
DNA Ligases
small circular pieces of DNA to which desired genes can be added and inserted to bacteria for amplification
plasmids
how do restriction enzymes know where to cut?
there are palindromic sequences and primase
machine assisted amplification of DNA
polymerase chain reaction
step 1 of PCR that heats the DNA to separate/denature the double helix into single strands
denaturation
cooling the reaction for 45 seconds so primers can bind to their complementary sequences on the single stranded template DNA
Annealing
heating for 2 minutes so that the TAQ polymerase extends the primers to know what to replicate as a partial whole
extension
final cooling at 5 C to ensure proper bonding of the newly synthesized DNA strand
cooling repeat cycle
used to know the sequence of ATCG
colorimetric experimentation
agar rose gel and electricity wherein you have negatively charged DNA samples that strain to positively charged power
Gel Electrophoresis
blood running through a machine, not often used because the suspects have to consent to give blood
blood strain
modifying plants for commercial purposes
transgenic plants
modified living organisms for the purpose of treatment and supplementation
transgenic organisms
generates more animal based products such as dairy
gene pharming
WHICH DISORDER:
- inherited lack of enzyme adenosine deaminase
- gene therapy introduces ADA to T cells and mitosis amplifies it
severe combined immunodeficiency (bubble boy)
WHICH DISORDER:
Over-accumulation of mucus and Stresses more than the respiratory system
Cystic Fibrosis
WHICH DISORDER:
over production of cells and using gene therapy by producing more interleukins
cancer
WHICH COVID PROTEIN
spikes attached to receptors of the human body
s-spikes
WHICH COVID PROTEIN
contains the infection
M-protein
WHICH COVID PROTEIN
releases the infection
E-protein
TRUE OR FALSE
- viruses contain RNA and DNA
FALSE - only RNA
DNA fingerprinting utilizes which method of sequencing
Gel electrophoresis
introduction of human genes into human cells to treat or correct a disease
- not available to the public yet, but available in a clinical level
gene therapy
TRUE OR FALSE:
- the gene therapy of severe combined immunodeficiency is done by introducing the gene for ADA into the patient’s T cells and re-introduce the genetically modified T cells into the patient
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
- the gene therapy in cancer is done by removing the interleukins of cancer cells
FALSE - introduce interleukins to regulate cell growth and reproduction
introduces genes into human cells, however, the insertion sites are random
retrovirus
which vaccine contains the entire virus itself but already dead
inactivated
vaccines that contain the S, M, and E proteins
protein vaccines
until clinical trial and was not executed
contains the entire COVID virus but only weakened
attenuated vaccines
cancer-causing chemicals and endocrine disruptors
- chemicals of most concern are those that have very low solubilities in water and are highly soluble in fat
environmental toxins
generally abundant but at a certain dosage or concentration can become very toxic
metals as an environmental toxin
naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density at least 5 times greater than that of water
- varying toxicity levels
heavy metals
can be found on metal materials that is used to build houses, cosmetics, and some houses that are from the Victorian era
Symptoms include: headaches, irritability, reduced sensations, aggressive behavior, difficulty sleeping, abdominal pain, poor appetite, constipation
Lead poisoning
evident in the different medical devices we use, can be evident in raw seafood as well: reason why pregnant women should not eat sashimi
mercury poisoning
the concentration of toxic pollutants is higher in the tissues of organisms higher on the food chain
biological magnification
TRUE OR FALSE
without greenhouses gasses: the temperature would be negative, we need this to regulate the warmth of the earth otherwise the earth would be freezing
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
fossil fuels are made from decomposing plants and animals
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
coal, oil, and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
completely eradicating the ecosystem is completely reversible with the right actions and proceedures
FALSE - U WISH
TRUE OR FALSE
Trophosphere - O3 is still beneficial
Stratosphere: O3 is an air pollutant
FALSE - Trophosphere - O3 is an air pollutant :: stratosphere: O3 is actually beneficial
widespread burning of forests
due to indiscriminate logging for wood and widespread burning of forests to create a new cropland
Deforestation
Sulfuric dioxide + nitric oxide + water caper = sulfuric acid and nitric acid, dissolve in raindrops.
acid rain
Thick and deadly layer of smoke and fog which can trigger conditions like asthma and allergies
- Forms glass cage where fresh air couldn’t enter
Smog
Penetrates the respiratory and circulatory system, damaging our lungs, heart, and brain
air pollution
when human activities pollute water sources
water pollution
water pollution full of bacteria
organic pollutants
highly induces growth of algae
May result in eutrophication
inorganic pollutants
excessive growth which causes blooms that prevents sunlight from entering the water
eutrophication
killing off ecosystems without creating interventions
hydropower and environment
is the term for tiny particles found in the air
- It is formed in the atmosphere because of chemical reactions between pollutants
Particulate matter
Gram-positive: causes infection; has extra coating /layer in its wall that contains endotoxins
bacterial infectious diseases
Acute intestinal caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium vibrio cholerae
Cholera
Leading cause of death in children under the age of 5 in developing countries
- Pneumonia is the most serious of these infections but often can be treated with affordable medicines
acute respiratory infection
Cannot be killed because they are not alive in the first place; it only stops when it deactivates
Viral infectious diseases
A contagious disease of livestock which may also cause severe infection in humans
bird flu
Is a mosquito-borne disease caused by any one of four closely related dengue virus
dengue fever
Is a novel coronavirus identified as the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that began in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and spread worldwide
SaRS-CoV-2
Was identified in 2012 as the cause of Middle East respiratory syndrome
MERS-CoV
was identified in 2003 as the cause of an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome that began in China near the end of 2002
SARS-CoV
Caused by aspergillus that lives indoors or outdoors
- People with weakened immune systems or lung diseases are at a higher risk of developing health problems
aspergillosis
