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Life Sciences Paper 2 > Genetics And Genetic Engineering > Flashcards

Genetics And Genetic Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics

A

A branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms

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2
Q

Heredity

A

Passing on of traits/ characteristics from one generation to the next

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3
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA (series of nucleotides/ bases) that controls a hereditary characteristic (trait), I.e. It is the basic unit of heredity in living organisms

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4
Q

Gene pool

A

All genes, or genetic information, in a population of sexually reproducing organisms

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5
Q

Hox genes

A

Master control genes that determine the way in which the body develops from a single zygote

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6
Q

Epigenetics

A

The control of genes

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7
Q

Genotype

A

Made up of all the genes an organism carries on its chromosomes which it has inherited from its parents

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical appearance of an organism

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9
Q

Housekeeping genes

A

Genes active in many cell types which make proteins needed for basic functions

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10
Q

Homozygous

A

Pair of alleles at the locus are the same for a particular trait

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11
Q

Heterozygous (hybrid)

A

Pair of alleles a locus are different for particular trait

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12
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

Cross between parents with different alleles for a single gene

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13
Q

Generations

A

P1- parent generation
F1- first filial generation of offspring
F2- second filial generation of offspring

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14
Q

Pure breeding plants

A

Plants that always give rise to offspring that are similar to themselves

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15
Q

Complete dominance

A

A characteristic that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous organism is the dominant allele

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16
Q

Mendel’s law of segregation

A

During meiosis, allele pairs separate (segregate) so that gametes have a single allele for each characteristic

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17
Q

Mendel’s law of dominance

A

In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only the dominant trait will appear in the phenotype.
Recessive alleles will always be masked by dominant alleles

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18
Q

Mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

The alleles of different genes segregate randomly and independently of one another during gamete formation

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19
Q

Haemophilia

A

Rare, genetically determined condition of frequent, excessive bleeding as the blood clots very slowly

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20
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

More than one pair of alleles responsible for a single trait

21
Q

Continuous variation

A

Graduations of a characteristic in a phenotype (e.g. height in humans)

22
Q

Mutation

A

Sudden change in the genetic make-up (DNA) of an organism

23
Q

Mutagen

A

Factors that increase the rate of mutations, e.g. environmental factors such as ionizing radiation (UV/ X-Ray), mutagenic chemicals (benzene and carbon tetrachloride), viruses and micro-organisms

24
Q

Neutral mutations

A

Do not affect life of the organism

25
Q

Autosomal

A

Related to chromosomes that are not sec chromosomes

26
Q

Albinism

A

Rare group of inherited genetic disorders that cause the skin, hair or iris of eyes to have little or no colour due to partial or complete absence of the pigment, melanin

27
Q

Carrier

A

Has a recessive allele and a dominant alleles in each cell, therefore has a normal phenotype

28
Q

SNP

A

(Single nucleotide polymorphism)
-biological markers
Genetic variations in a DNA sequence that occur when a single nucleotide is substituted for another nucleotide

29
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genetic instructions (genes) necessary to create an organism

30
Q

HGP

A

-human genome project

International scientific research project set up in 1990

31
Q

Genetic counseling

A

Health professionals with specialized graduate degrees and experience in the areas of medical genetics and counseling

32
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Any direct manipulation of an organism’s genes

33
Q

Biotechnology

A

Using scientific procedures to influence specific processes in living organisms which will benefit humans or improve the environment

34
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

A form of DNA that does not exist naturally but is created by combining DNA sequences that would not normally occur together

35
Q

GMO

A

Genetically modified organism

An organism with introduced foreign DNA that results in new and useful traits

36
Q

Vectors

A

A virus (bacteriophage) or plasmid that transfers foreign genetic material into another cell

37
Q

Plasmid

A

A circular, double stranded DNA molecule found in bacterial cells that are not part of the bacterial chromosome

38
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone which lowers the glucose sugar levels in the blood

39
Q

Restriction enzyme

A

Enzymes which cut DNA strands (which code for insulin) at specific sites to isolate the gene that codes for insulin

40
Q

Ligase enzyme

A

Occurs naturally in the nuclei of cells and acts as ‘genetic glue’, joining together the ends of two single strands of DNA

41
Q

Cloning

A

The process of artificially reproducing a gene, set of genes or a whole organism

42
Q

Gene therapy

A

An experimental genetic engineering technique that replaces a faulty gene or adds a new gene in an attempt to cure disease or improve the body’s ability to fight disease

43
Q

Transformation

A

The change in a cell or organism brought about by the uptake of introduced, foreign DNA

44
Q

Transgenic organism

A

An organism that develops from a cell with recombinant DNA

45
Q

Micropropagation

A

Method of producing plant clones by using plant tissue culture

46
Q

Speciation

A

Hybridization between two species resulting in a new species

47
Q

Cloning

A

The process used to create an exact genetic copy of another gene, cell, tissue or organism

48
Q

Clone

A

Copied material which has the same genetic markup as the original

Life Sciences Paper 2 (3 decks)

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