Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 120 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is genetic info?

A

In DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does reproduction involve?

A

duplication and transmission of genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a gene?

A

A sequence of DNA that codes for a single genetic instruction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Are all genes ‘turned on’

A

No, they can be activated or deactiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do the effects of every gene depend upon?

A

other genes and the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is an allele?

A

one variant of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Do genes have the same allele?

A

No, most have different variants of the same gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes sickle cell anemia?

A

a single nucleotide substitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Are all substitutions harmful?

A

No, some do not even cause change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Prokaryotes genomes are ….. than eukaryotes genomes.

A

smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what type of reproduction are in prokaryotes?

A

swapping of plasmids and other forms of gene exchange.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prokaryotes typically have about …. genes while humans have … genes.

A

1,200 … 20,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

DNA loop replicates before fission, with loops attached to cell membrane. Then, as the cell membrane splits in two, one loop of DNA ends up in each daughter cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Difference between eukaryote and prokaryote DNA.

A

Eukaryote DNA is linear, prokaryote is circular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

linear stand of DNA inside nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are histones?

A

important and evolutionarily conservative proteins. Loops of DNA are wrapped around one histone (like thread around a spool) and locked in place by another. Forms a nucleosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do histones do?

A

make shape of chromosome by condensing DNA into chromatin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

sharing of genetic material, to form an individual with equal contributions from two separate parents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What must happen for sexual reproduction to occur?

A

Meiosis, the formation of gametes (haploid sex cells) from a diploid cell.
And
Syngamy (fertilization), a combination of gametes to form a diploid cell called a zygote.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is all reproduction done sexually?

A

No, many organisms do it asexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does sexual reproduction help do?

A

Produce largely variable sets of genetic info, which can be crucial to the survival of a species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is diploidy?

A

state of having two copies of every single gene-like pairs of shoes, pairs of gloves, pairs of stereo speakers.

24
Q

What is meiosis?

A

process where a single diploid cell gives rise to four, genetically different, haploid cells.

25
Q

Crossing over….

A

ensures variability in a species.

26
Q

Result of meiosis:

A 
4 unique, haploid, daughter cells. 
Daughter cells don't have homologous pairs.
Creates gametes (haploid sex cells).
Ensures variability in offspring.
27
Q

What is the most common meiotic error?

A

Nondisjunction, where a homologous chromosome doesn’t split before migrating to a pole of the cell.

28
Q

What does, or can, nondisjunction cause?

A

If happens to a single pair, either a trisomy, or monosomy, will be in the resulting offspring.
If to entire genome, it can produce a triploid or even tetraploid offspring.

29
Q

Human conditions due to nondisjunction:

A

Down’s syndrome results from a trisomy at chromosome 21. Trisomy at chromosome 18 (Edward syndrome), 13 (Patau Syndrome), or the sex chromosomes (23).

30
Q

How does meiosis produce variation?

A

By assortment, and random selection of a chromosome, a huge number of potential gametes arise. In humans with 23 chromosomes, 223 potential gametes arise.

31
Q

Crossing Over

A

in the first of two meiotic divisions, two strands of DNA from complimentary chromosomes cross over each other, and a break forms. The break is quickly repaired, switching stretches of DNA among the two compliments to create two new chromosomes.
A pair of chromosomes can cross over several times or not at all.

32
Q

Crossing over creates….

A

new combinations of alleles on chromosomes, and permits favorable alleles to combine together on the same chromosome.

33
Q

The result of crossing over is….

A

recombination.

34
Q

What does locus refer to?

A

Locus means locations, and refers to the place where variation can occur.

35
Q

The more distant the loci, the what?

A

More likely it is for a particular recombination event to switch them between chromosomes.

36
Q

Segregation

A

process by which a gamete comes to have only one of the two alleles its parent possesses, for every gene.
Random.
Occurs because of crossing over.

37
Q

Assortment

A

Accounts for the fact that most eukaryotes possess many pairs of chromosomes, it is segregation at two or many loci simultaneously.
Responsible for the variation in gametes created by random selection of chromosomes for each pair into gametes.

38
Q

Attributes

A

qualitative variables, can be scored, but not fall into a continuum.
Eye color, political party, blood type, gender.

39
Q

Quantitative, or measurable, variables

A

fall along a measurable axis, and can be measured to observe their place relative to others.

40
Q

Discontinuous measurable variables

A

Fall into discrete intervals.

shoe size, number of mates, etc.

41
Q

Continuous measurable variables

A

do not fall into discrete intervals. Exist along a continuum.
height, weight, age, etc.

42
Q

Genotype

A

genetic composition of alleles

43
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics

44
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

No such thing. It is a complex interaction and interplay between genes and environment.

45
Q

Human Health problems that are associated with gene by environment interactions

A

Autism, obesity, and alcoholism.

46
Q

What is the scientific paradigm deduced by Mendel

A

Inheritance is particulate: “particles” called genes carry the info that makes parents tend to resemble their offspring

47
Q

Law of segregation

A

“particles” segregate, so that individuals with two particles produce gametes with only one particle.
The first division of meiosis where homologous chromosomes with their different versions of each gene has segregated into daughter nuclei.

48
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

The “particles” for each gene segregate independently of each other.

49
Q

true breeding line

A

parents always resemble offspring.

50
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

Two loci.

51
Q

Linkage

A

result of two loci being located close together on the same chromosome.

52
Q

Linkage causes …. from independent assortment.

A

a departure

53
Q

What does linkage cause?

A

A certain combination of alleles to be over-represented in an individual’s gametes.

54
Q

Homogametic sex

A

that sex containing two like sex chromosomes.

In most animal species these are females (XX)

55
Q

Heterogametic sex

A

Sex containing two different sex chromosomes
In most animal species it is the male (XY).
Butterflies and birds: ZW Females
Grasshoppers: XO Males

56
Q

Sex-Linkage

A

term for a locus being located on a sex chromosome, such as the X chromosome in humans
Causes a unique combination of inheritance.

57
Q

Examples of sex-linked traits in humans:

A

Hemophilia, Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy, and Red-Green Color Blindness.

Biology 120 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions