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Biology Unit 2 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross between individuals that. Have different pairs of alleles of a particular gene.
E.G, one individual might have T and t alleles. Monohybrid crosses are used to study the inheritance of one characteristic

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2
Q

Genotype

A

Combination of alleles at the locus

2 copies of allele hetero or homo

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3
Q

Phenotype

A

An observable character or trait of an organism

The overall appearance of an organism

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4
Q

Gene

A

Unit of hereditary made up a unique DNA sequence which determines characteristics of an organism
Gene determines colour

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5
Q

Allele

A

One of the alternative forms of a gene. Most genes have 2 alleles, but more than two alleles are possible
Allele produces mutation colour

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6
Q

Genome

A

Organisms total DNA, measured in a haploid set of chromosomes

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7
Q

Controls

A

Thecontrolofgene
expression.Transcriptionalcontrolworks bycontrollingthe number of RNA transcripts of a region of DNA,indirectlycontrollingprotein synthesis.

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8
Q

Filial 1 &2

A

The generation consisting of offspring of a cross between members of the parental generation

The offspring of a cross between members of the F1 generation

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9
Q

Punnett squares

A

The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

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10
Q

Genotypic and Phenotypic ratios

A

Thegenotypic ratioshows the number of times a characteristic of an organism will be seen in the offspring when genes for certain traits are crossed. When male and female gametes come together (cross) all thephenotypevariations for the offspring are predicted using the Punnett square grid

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11
Q

Homozygous

A

A diploid individual with 2 identical alleles at a particular genetic locus

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12
Q

Heterozygous

A

A diploid individual with different alleles for a particular gene

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13
Q

Genetic screening in embryo

A

Screening embryosforgeneticabnormalities in IVF was first successfully performed in 1989, resulting in the birth of the Munday twins. A test to screen for a specificgeneticabnormality was later developed, choosingembryoswith the correct number of chromosomes and discarding those with too many or too few.

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14
Q

Chromosomes

A

A complex structure consisting of DNA strands coiled around histones proteins,
carrying the hereditary information of the cell in the form of genes.
All body cells in a particular species have the same number of chromosomes

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15
Q

Homologous pair (of chromosomes)

A

Matching pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism. Homologous chromosomes carry the same genes in the same loci

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16
Q

Dominant

A

The phenotype expressed in a heterozygous individual; that is, an individual carrying different alleles of the same gene

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17
Q

Recessive

A

Relating to a trait or phenotype (encoded by an allele/gene) whose appearance is subordinate to a dominant trait

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18
Q

Ethical considerations

A

Respect for privacy; autonomy; personal best interest; responsibility for thegenetichealth of future children; maximising social best interest/minimising serious social harm; the reproductive liberty of individuals;geneticjustice; cost effectiveness; solidarity/mutual aid, and respect for difference.

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19
Q

Pedigree

A

Analysis tech of looking through a family tree for occurred of a particular characteristic in one family over a number of generations

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20
Q

Mode of inheritance

A

The manner in which a genetic trait or disorder is passed from one generation to the next. Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, multifactorial, and mitochondrialinheritanceare examples.

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21
Q

Autosomal

A

Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

22
Q

X-Linked

A

Resulting from the inheritance of a gene on the X chromosome. An x-linked trait may be Inherited from either parent, because both have an X chromosome

23
Q

Linked genes

A

The tendency for 2 or more genes located on the same chromosome to be inherited together

24
Q

Can you assign allele symbols for homo/hetero genotypes

A

hh= homozygous Hh=heterozygous

25
Q

What are epigenetic factors?

A

Process by which environmental influences which affect the gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. These events usually involve switching genes on or off.
Additional of methyl groups

26
Q

What is a test cross and what information can you derive from the results?

A

Crossing individual with dominant phenotype but unknown genotype with an individual with a recessive phenotype

27
Q

Do you know the number of autosomes and sex chromosomes in human cells and gametes

A

Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. Gamete has 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 sex chromosome.

28
Q

What is the difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross?

A

M- A cross between individuals that have different pairs of alleles of a particular gene.
E.G one individual might have T and t alleles. Monohybrid crosses are used to study the inheritance of one characteristic.

D-A cross between 2 individuals that carry alleles for different traits at 2 loci

29
Q

What is genetic linkage and how is it different to a dihybrid cross (2 genes on 2 chromosomes)
when you analyse the outcome of a dihybrid cross when the two genes are on the same
chromosome?

A

The tendency for 2 or more genes on the same chromosome to be inherited together because they are close together on the chromosome. Linked genes may be separated if crossing over occurs between them. If a dihybrid cross occurs and there are linked genes there are 2 different out comes

30
Q

What is a karyotype and do you know the difference between the different syndromes eg Downs syndrome, Turner and Klinefelter syndrome?

A

A karyotypeis an individual’s collection of chromosomes. The term also refers to a laboratory technique that produces an image of an individual’s chromosomes. Thekaryotypeis used to look for abnormal numbers or structures of chromosomes.
DS- Extra chromosome 21
TS- Female is born with only one X chromosome
KS- Males have extra Xchromosomein cells

31
Q

If a trait is the result of the expression of multiple genes, how would this be observed in the
phenotype of organisms?

A

Depending on the alleles each parents has matters. E.G a dominant homo brown eye parents and a homo recessive blue eye parent all the children will have brown eyes. but if a brown eye parent is hero then the children could either have blue or brown

32
Q

What is the difference between discrete and continuous variation?

A

Is the combined effect of manygenes and is often significantly affected by environmental influences. Continuous is distributed on a continuum, whilediscrete variationoccurs when a single gene determines a trait

33
Q

What was the advantage for Gregor Mendel in studying the genetics of pea plants?

A

He discovered the fundamental laws ofinheritance. He deduced thatgenescome in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent.Mendeltracked the segregation of parentalgenesand their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits.

34
Q

What do the terms pure breeding, F1 and F2 mean?

A

Parents will also pass down a specific phenotypic trait to their offspring. True bredorganisms will have apuregenotype (genetic expression of a trait) and will only produce a certain phenotype.
The generation consisting of offspring of a cross between members of the parental generation
The offspring of a cross between members of the F1 generation.

35
Q

What is the difference between genetic screening and genetic testing?

A

Genetic screening doesn’t determine diagnosis but shows risks and occur over a population. Genetic testing determines diagnosis on one person

36
Q

What are Parental and Recombinant gametes?

A

P-A gametethat has a genotype identical to one of the homologous chromosomes in the original diploid cell.
R- Gametesthat differ from both of the haploidgametesthat made up the original diploid cell

37
Q

Can you describe 2 or 3 ways in which variation occurs?

A

Independant Assortment, Crossing over, random mating

38
Q

Polygenetic inheritance

A

One gene and more can influence a trait

38
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

When 2 traits blend together to make a new one

Red x white flower = pink

39
Q

Co- dominance

A

Both traits are expressed at the same time

E.g brown and white spotted cow

40
Q

ABO

A

Can be A, B AB or O

41
Q

Polygene

A

a gene whose individual effect on a phenotype is too small to be observed, but which can act together with others to produce observable variation.
Different skin colours

42
Q

How phenotype is affected by the environment

A

Temp, diet, humidity, oxygen levels and mutagens

E.g siamese cats coat colour depend on temp

43
Q

Hybrid

A

Parents differ genetically

44
Q

Wild type

A

refers to the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature.

45
Q

Species

A

Group of similar individuals that can exchange genes or interbreed

46
Q

Chromatin

A

DescriptionChromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells.

47
Q

What happens with different number of x and Y chromosomes

A

Cause genetic disorder

48
Q

Morula

A

a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum

49
Q

Blastocyst

A

structure formed in the early development of mammals. It possesses an inner cell mass which forms the embryo.

50
Q

Ethical issue Huntington’s

A

If people know they are discriminated

Biology Unit 2 (2 decks)

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