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Biology Unit 2 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell replication

A

Parent cells create 2 identical daughter cells in eukaryotes

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2
Q

Cell division

A

Restores nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
Increase of cells
Specialise for different purposes
Regeneration of cells for repair

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3
Q

Phases in cell life

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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4
Q

Miotic

A

Division of nucleus

Interphase, prophase,metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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5
Q

Interphase G1

A

Cells carry out normal every day functioning

Pre DNA synthesis

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6
Q

Interphase S

A

Chromosomes replicate, from a single strand to a double stranded

DNA synthesis

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7
Q

Strand

A

Chromatid

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8
Q

Interphase G2

A

Cell waits to divide

Post DNA synthesis

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9
Q

Prophase

A

Nuclear membrane disappears and chromosomes condense

Centrioles move towards the poles and spindles form

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10
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes move to the centre of the cell and line up along the equator

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11
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromatids of a double stranded chromosome are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibres

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12
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes disappear and the cell membrane forms between 2 new cells

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13
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the rest of the cell marks the beginning f the 2 new cells and new cell cycle

🐻- forming a cleavage furrow

🌻- cell plate forms because the cell wall is unable to pinch in

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14
Q

Mitosis + cell cycle

A

Mitosis is a continual process where Identical copies of each chromosome are passed on

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15
Q

Binary Fission

A

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually where the whole cell splits in 1/2 following a replication of the cells organelles

Simpler & faster
No nuclear membrane break down
No spindle fibres form

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16
Q

Asexual production

A

Involves 1 parent organism and produces daughter cells that are identical.
(Mitosis)

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17
Q

Types of asexual production

A

Fission
budding
Fragmentation

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18
Q

Budding

A

Arise from out growth of bud

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19
Q

Fragmentation

A

Body breaks into two or more parts

able to regenerate missing part

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20
Q

Asexual Advantages

A

Efficient

No need for sexual partner

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21
Q

Asexual Disadvantages

A

Rapid growth causes over crowding

Lack of genetic variation

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22
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Involves genetic contributions in the form of gametes from 2 sources egg/sperm
Meiosis

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23
Q

Diploid number

A

2n
Amount of chromosomes in a body cell (46)
Homologous pair

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24
Q

Napoli’s number

A

n

Number of chromosomes in a gamete cell

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25
Q

Meiosis

A

2 divisions
Reduction division
Separation division
Enables parents to contribute genetic information to offspring

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26
Q

Non disjunction

A

Chromosome doesn’t separate properly causing Down syndrome

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27
Q

Sexual advantages

A

Long-term evolutionary potential

generates genetic variation and selects for beneficial genetic variation more efficiently

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28
Q

Sexual disadvantages

A

Slower reproductive rate

energetically costly energy and import from parent

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29
Q

Recombination

A

DNA in mixed around to create new variation

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30
Q

Issues with cloning

A

Health defects
Humans can be cloned
High failure rate

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31
Q

Spores

A

Fungi(mould)

Rapid increase in numbers and aids dispersal

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32
Q

Parthogenesis

A

Development of an egg in the absence of fertilisation by sperm. it is a normal part of the life cycle in some insects

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33
Q

Purpose of meiosis

A

Create haploid gamete cells

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34
Q

Consequence of non-disjunction

A

Aneuploidy
Gametes incorrect number of chromosomes
2 little 2 many

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35
Q

Is binary fission similar to mitosis

A

No it’s not
They have different types of DNA
And Binary Fission divides quicker

36
Q

Reasons for mitosis

A

Growth

37
Q

Tetraploid

A

4n

38
Q

Triploid

A

3n

39
Q

Ectoderm

A

Skin cells out

40
Q

Mesoderm

A

Skeletal muscle cells middle

41
Q

Endoderm

A

Lung cells in

42
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Abnormal amount of chromosomes

N + 1

43
Q

Polyploidy

A

Having more than one copy of the full complement of chromosomes.
Diploid

44
Q

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

Take our nucleus of egg cell = enucleated
Nucleus from diseased cell is put in egg cell
Cell divides,
Divided cells are taken out from blastocyst
Cultured in lab For diagnosis

45
Q

Stem cells

A

Started cell that has the ability to grow into adult tissues

46
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Can become many types of cells and replicate
Totipotent
Pluripotent

47
Q

Adult stem cells

A 
Adult tissue
Limit range of cell 
Can’t always replicate
Repair damaged tissue
Multipotent
Are capable of dividing and renewing themselves
48
Q

Totipotent

A

Any type of cell
Zygote to morula stage
16 cells

49
Q

Multi potent

A

Multiple but limited cells

Bone marrow - blood cells

50
Q

Pluripotent

A

3 germ layers

51
Q

Blastocyst

A

Ball of 150 cells
Inner cell man removed
Hollowed

52
Q

Embryonic

Ad and dis

A

Large quantities, any cell, always supply

Tumour formation, ethical?, can’t train cells

53
Q

Adult cell

Ad dis

A

Already programmed to make types of cells

Limited types of cells, small n.o of cells, can cause rumours

54
Q 
Genetic variation 
(2)
A

Crossing over- homo pairs of chromosomes line up and when they are pulled apart DNA is exchanged by both to create variation

Independent Assortment- it doesn’t matter what way the homologous pairs line up

55
Q

Consequences of non-disjunction?

A

Aneuploidy gametes incorrect chromosomes 2 less or 2 more

56
Q

Mutation

A

Mutation occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene.

57
Q

Enucleated

A

When nucleus is taken out from cell

58
Q

What doesn’t occur in meiosis

A

Formation of 2 diploid daughter cells

59
Q

Plants flowers are?

A

Genetically identical to parent

60
Q

Centromere, chiasma

A

Middle of chromosomes

Tip of chromatid

61
Q

Unique genetic identity caused by?

A

Random fertilisation of sperm and eggs produced by 2 parents

62
Q

What term isn’t applied to stem cells

A

Specialised

63
Q

Spindle

A

Pulls chromatids

64
Q

Mitosis animal cell vs plant cell

A

No centriole in plants
Cytokinesis (platevin plants, cleavge in animals)
PMAT = same

65
Q

Asexual production for yeast?

A

Budding

66
Q

Interphase G0

A

Happens after G1
Only some cells go into it
If they’re specialised they won’t divide (blood cells)
Rest phase

67
Q

How do plants reproduce sexually

A

H

68
Q

Mitosis inputs outputs

A

Diploids and stay diploid

69
Q

Inputs and output meiosis

A

Diploid to haploid

70
Q

What happens when cells divide uncontrollably

A

Tumour created

71
Q

Apoptosis

A

the death of cells which occurs as a normally

72
Q

How do we create a clone from plants

A

Cutting off pieces of the plant

73
Q

Cloning considered in society

A

Human it’s unethical
Animals die sooner and get disease
Modified plants and crops are good but use chemicals

74
Q

Nuclear Transfer

A

The steps involve removing the DNA from an unfertilised egg, and injecting the nucleus which contains the DNA to be cloned. In rare instances, the newly constructed cell will divide normally, replicating the new DNA while remaining in a pluripotent state.

75
Q

How is an embryo developed

A

When fertilised by sperm it starts to divide

76
Q

Gastrulation

A

occurs when a blastula, made up of one layer, folds inward and enlarges
When individual organs develop within the newly formed germ layers. Each layer gives rise to specific tissues and organs in the developing embryo.

77
Q

Where are stem cells harvested

A

Blood stream or bone marrow

78
Q

What is the potency of different types of cells

A

Cell potency is a cell’s ability to differentiate into other cell types. The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency.

79
Q

3 germ layers

A

Ectoderm (skin cells)
Mesoderm (skeletal muscle cells)
Endoderm (Lung cells)

80
Q

Zygote

A

Egg and sperm fuse

81
Q

Fertilised egg

A

Sperm has fertilised egg

82
Q

Foetus

A

Unborn offspring come from embryo

9th week

83
Q

Embryo

A

After zygote development from sperm and egg

84
Q

Gamete

A 
Sex cell (egg/ sperm)
Differ from offspring and parents
85
Q

What is HGP

A

research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.

86
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

3 alternative forms of a gene that share the same locus.
Only 2 of the alleles can be present in a single organism.
e.g ABO system of blood groups 2 showed at a time

87
Q

Unipotent

A

capable of giving rise to only one cell type.

Biology Unit 2 (2 decks)

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