Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience Year 2 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What did Mandel do?

A

Studied genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a dichotomous trait?

A

A trait which occurs in one form or another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a true breeding line?

A

Interbred members always produce offspring with the same trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

An organisms’ observable traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The traits which can be passed onto the offspring via the genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was Mandellian theory?

A

Two kinds of inherited factors for each dichotomous trait
Each organism possesses two genes for each of its dichotomous traits
One of two kinds of genes dominate
For each trait, each organism randomly inherits one of its father’s alleles and one of its mother’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Possesses two of the same allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Possesses two different alleles for a trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Threadlike structure of the nucleus of each cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a human have?

A

23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are genes located?

A

On chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Two alleles that control each trait are situated where?

A

At the same locus, one on each chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are gametes?

A

The sperm and egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Process of cell division that produces gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Process of meiosis

A

Chromosomes divide

One chromosome from each pair goes to each of the two gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 (23 pairs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does meiosis account for?

A

Most of the genetic diversity within a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does meiosis account for diversity?

A

Crossing over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does crossing over work?

A

Chromosomes line up in pairs
Cross over one another at random points
Break apart and exchange sections of themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is crossing over important?

A

Ensures genetic diversity

First means by which geneticists could construct a gene map

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division of all other cells in the body

24
Q

What is linkage?

A

Clusters of linked genes
If a gene for one trait is inherited from one parent, there is a higher probability (>0.5) of inheriting genes for other traits in the cluster from the same parent

25
Q

The number of clusters of linked traits is equal to?

A

The number of pairs of chromosomes

26
Q

4 DNA bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

27
Q

DNA replication

A

DNA starts to unwind
Exposed bases attract complementary loose bases from the fluid of the nucleus
When unwinding is complete, two identical double-stranded DNA molecules are created

28
Q

Virtually all sex linked traits are carried on what chromosome?

A

X

29
Q

If a sex-linked trait is dominant it occurs…

A

More frequently in females as they have twice the number of X chromosomes

30
Q

If the sex-linked trait is recessive it occurs…

A

More frequently in males as they only have one X chromosome and so only have to have one recessive allele compared to women’s two

31
Q

Example of sex-linked trait

A

Colour blindness

Rarely occurs in females as it is recessive and the allele is very rare

32
Q

What is a structural gene?

A

Genes that contain information necessary for the synthesis of a protein

33
Q

What is a protein?

A

A chain of amino acids

34
Q

What is an operator gene?

A

Controls a structural gene or a group of structural genes
Determines if structural gene initiates protein synthesis
And at what rate

35
Q

Operator genes that are regularly on

A

Are regulated by DNA-binding proteins that turn them up, down or off

36
Q

Operator genes that are regularly off

A

Are regulated by DNA-binding proteins that turn them on

37
Q

Gene expression transcription

A

Small section of chromosome that contains structural gene unwinds
Unravelled section serves as template for transcription of RNA
mRNA moves out of the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm

38
Q

Gene expression translation

A

Ribosome moves along RNA strand and translates genetic code
Every 3 bases = codon
Codons code for amino acids
Amino acids are carried to the ribosome by tRNA
Repeats until stop codon reached
Completed protein is released into cytoplasm

39
Q

Why is mitochondrial DNA of great interest to scientists?

A

Mutations have been implicated in many disorders

Mutations seem to occur at a consistent rate and so can be used as an evolutionary clock

40
Q

What is the human genome project?

A

A map of the sequence of all 3 billion bases that compose human chromosomes

41
Q

How many protein coding genes do humans have

A

About 25000 (unexpectedly small in relation to our complexity)
Mice have about the same
Corn have many more

42
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

Mechanism by which information stored in the genes of complex species is edited to make it possible for one gene to specify two or more distinct proteins

43
Q

What do small RNAs do?

A

Control DNA
Can turn off genes
Control their level of expression
Cleave DNA into segments

44
Q

Structural genes constitute how much of the human genome?

A

<2%

45
Q

What are genes that appear to have been damaged by mutation over evolution called?

A

Pseudogenes

46
Q

Ontogeny

A

Development of individuals over their lifespan

47
Q

Phylogeny

A

Development of species over evolutionary time

48
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

High levels of phenylpyruvic acid in urine

Pattern of transmission indicates it is transmitted through a single gene mutation

49
Q

What do patients with PKU lack?

A

Phenyalanine hydroxylase

Converts phenylalanine –> tyrosine

50
Q

Symptoms of PKU

A 
Mental retardation 
Vomiting 
Seizures 
Hyperactivity
Hyper-irritability
Brain damage
51
Q

Sensory phase of male songbirds

A

Several days after hatching
Form memories of adult songs they hear
Genetically prepared to learn songs of their own species

52
Q

Sensorimotor phase of male songbirds

A

When juvenile males begin to twitter sub songs

Rambling vocalisations are gradually refined to resemble songs of the adults

53
Q

Neural circuits that control birdsong

A

Descending motor pathway

Anterior forebrain pathway

54
Q

Descending motor pathway

A

From high vocal centre on each side

To the syrinx

55
Q

Anterior forebrain pathway

A

Mediates song learning

56
Q

What is a heritability estimate?

A

Numerical estimate of the proportion of variability that occurred in a particular trait in a particular study as a result of the genetic variation in that study

Neuroscience Year 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions