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Neuroscience Year 2 > Anatomy of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the PNS?

A

Nervous system outside brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the parts of the PNS?

A

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

What do afferent nerves do?

A

Carry sensory signals towards the CNS

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5
Q

What do efferent nerves do?

A

Carry motor signals from CNS

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6
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

Motor nerves which project from CNS in the lumbar and thoracic spine

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7
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

Motor nerves which project from the brain and sacral spine

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8
Q

All sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves are …..

A

Two-stage neural paths

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9
Q

Sympathetic neurons synapse on second-stage neurons…

A

At a substantial distance from their target organs

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10
Q

Parasympathetic neurons synapse on second-stage neurons…

A

Near their target organ

these are very short

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11
Q

What is the longest cranial nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

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12
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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13
Q

Meninges in order outer to inner

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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14
Q

What does cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

Supports and cushions brain

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15
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

Choroid plexus

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16
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Buildup of fluid in ventricles leading to the expansion of the walls of the ventricles and the brain

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17
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier do?

A

Prevents the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain

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18
Q

What molecule is actively transported though the cerebral blood vessel walls?

A

Glucose

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19
Q

Neurons

A

Reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals

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20
Q

Classes of neurons

A 
Multipolar neuron
Unipolar neuron 
Bipolar neuron 
Interneuron 
Nuclei in the CNS 
Ganglia 
Tracts 
Nerves
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21
Q

What is a ganglia?

A

Cluster of cell bodies in the PNS

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22
Q

What is a tract?

A

Bundle of axons in the CNS

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23
Q

What is a nuclei in the CNS?

A

Cluster of cell bodies

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24
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Bundle of axons in the PNS

25
Q

Glial cells

A 
Outnumber neurons 10 - 1 
Oligodendrocytes 
Schwann cells 
Microglia 
Astrocytes
26
Q

What is an oligodendrocyte?

A

Causes myelination in the CNS

27
Q

What is a Schwann cell?

A

Causes myelination in the PNS

28
Q

What is a microglia?

A

Respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris and triggering inflammatory responses

29
Q

What is an astrocyte?

A

Largest glial cell
Send and receive signals from neurons to other glial cells
Control the establishment and maintenance of synapses
Modulate neural activity
Participate in glial circuits

30
Q

Golgi staining

A

Potassium dichromate and silver nitrate
Silver dichromate made, stains some of the neurons completely black
Gives excellent view of neurons that take up the stain

31
Q

Nissl staining

A

Cresyl violet
Penetrates all cells on slide
Binds effectively to structures in neuronal cell bodies
Can estimate the number of cell bodies an area

32
Q

Electron microscopy

A

Provides information about the details of neuronal structure
Thin slices of neuronal tissue are coated with an electron-absorbing substance that is taken up to different degrees by different parts of the neuron
A beam of electrons is passed through the tissue onto a photographic film

33
Q

Neuroanatomical tracing techniques - anterograde

A

Used when investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies
Injects a chemical into an area taken up by cell bodies
Transported forward along the axons to terminal buttons
Brain removed and sliced after a few days and treated to reveal the location of the chemical

34
Q

Neuroanatomical tracing techniques - retrograde

A

Used to trace paths of axons projecting into a particular area
Injects a chemical into and area that is taken up by the terminal buttons and transported back along the axons
Brain removed and sliced after a few days and treated to reveal the location of the chemical

35
Q

Spinal cord areas

A

H shaped core of grey matter

Surrounded by white matter

36
Q

What is grey matter composed of?

A

Cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

37
Q

What is white matter composed of?

A

Mainly myelinated axons

38
Q

All dorsal root axons are

A

Sensory (afferent) unipolar neurons

39
Q

The neurons of the ventral root are

A

Motor (efferent) multipolar neurons

40
Q

Telencephalon

A

Left and right cerebral hemispheres
Initiates voluntary movement
Interprets sensory movement
Mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking and problem solving

41
Q

What is a gyri?

A

Ridges that stick out on the brain

42
Q

What is a sulci?

A

Small furrows in the brain cerebral cortex

43
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

44
Q

Thalamus

A

Lateral geniculate nuclei
Medial geniculate nuclei
Ventral posterior nuclei

45
Q

Lateral geniculate nuclei

A

Relay station in the visual system

46
Q

Medial geniculate nuclei

A

Relay station in the auditory system

47
Q

Ventral posterior nuclei

A

Relay station in the somatosensory system

48
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Plays important role in regulation of several motivated behaviours
Regulates release of hormones from the pituitary

49
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Tectum and tegmentum

50
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons and the cerebellum

Important for sensorimotor function and precise movement

51
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla

Tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body

52
Q

Cerebral cortex

A 
Frontal 
Parietal 
Temporal 
Occipital 
LOBES
53
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Precentral gyrus and adjacent frontal cortex - motor functions
Frontal cortex anterior to motor cortex - complex cognitive functions

54
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Postcentral gyrus - analyses sensations from the body

Remaining areas in posterior parts - perceive location of both objects and our own bodies

55
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Superior temporal gyrus - hearing and language
Inferior temporal cortex - complex visual patterns
Medial portion - certain kinds of memory

56
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Processing of visual information

57
Q

Limbic system is involved in

A 
Four Fs 
Fleeing 
Fighting 
Feeding
Sexual behaviour
58
Q

Structures of the limbic system

A 
Amygdala 
Hippocampus 
Cingulate cortex 
Fornix 
Septum
59
Q

Basal ganglia structures

A

Amygdala
Caudate
Putamen
Globus pallidus

Neuroscience Year 2 (5 decks)

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