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microbiology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Circular single DNA molecule
Haploid
Plasmids extrachromosomal DNA
Nucleoid makes DNA in cytoplasm

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2
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Linear multiple DNA molecules
Varying numbers of chromosomes
Diploid
Mitosis and meiosis

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3
Q

What is a gene

A

DNA sequence specifies the amino acid sequence in a protein

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4
Q

Codons

A

A t g c

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5
Q

RNA synthesis and processing

A

Transcriptional control

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6
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Translation

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7
Q

Prok DNA

A

Naked

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8
Q

Euk DNA

A

Histone proteins

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9
Q

Plasmids

A

Found mainly in prok
Extrachromosomal DNA
Code for virulence factors or antibiotic resistance

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10
Q

F plasmid

A

Tranfered during conjugation via pili

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11
Q

R plasmid

A

Drug resistance

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12
Q

Plasmid characteristics

A

Small DNA molecule
Circular
Origin of replication

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13
Q

Artificial chromosome

A

Plasmids accept large DNA inserts
Exist like a chromosome
Bac
Yac

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14
Q

DNA polymerase

A 
Synthesizes 5-3 
Requires a primer 
DNA 
RNA
Protein
Requires template
Requires dntps
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15
Q

Replication complex

A

Replication fork

Bidirectional

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16
Q

Continuous

A

Leading strand

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17
Q

Discontinuous

A

Lagging strand

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18
Q

Begins at specific sequence

A

Origin of replication

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19
Q

Helicases

A

Unwind and unzip DNA

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20
Q

Proofreading

A

3-5 exonuclease removes mismatches

21
Q

mRNA

A

Coding

22
Q

Rrna

A

Functional and structural

23
Q

tRNA

A

Assembly of proteins

24
Q

Gene regulation

A

Antisense
Sirna
Mirna

25
Q

Catalytic activity

A

Ribozymes

26
Q

Bacterial openings

A

Related metabolic genes linked side by side

Single activator or depressor region controls their expression

27
Q

Mammalian cells

A

Related genes maybe close or remote
Independently regulated
Waves of related gene expression

28
Q

DNA structure

A

Closed and open

29
Q

Transcription

A

CIs acting
Pos and neg regulatory elements at or near promoter

Trans
Enhancer sequence capable of long distance effects

30
Q

Translation

A

Stability of mRNA

Codon usage

31
Q

Post expression

A

Enzyme inhibitors and activators

Pro teases

32
Q

Start

A

Aug atg

33
Q

Stop nonsense

A

Uaa uga uag

34
Q

Ribosome

A

Protein subunits

Rrna molecules

35
Q

Trna

A

73-93 nucleotides
Base pairing forms stem loops
Loops associate via hydrophobic interactions

36
Q

Transfer of genetic material

A

Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction
Transposons

37
Q

Conjugation

A

Transfer of plasmid DNA from f+ to f-

Create pore

38
Q

Transformation

A

Uptake of free DNA

DNA can insert into the chromosome homologous recombination

39
Q

Transduction

A

Bacteriophage infect host

Carrier of DNA from donor cell to recipient

40
Q

Spontaneous

A

Random
Error during replication
Small point mutations
Large chromosomal rearrangement

41
Q

Induced

A

Chemical radiation

42
Q

Point mutations

A

Single base substitution

43
Q

Deletion insertion

A

Frameshift

44
Q

Point small

A

Silent
Missense
Nonsense

45
Q

Translocation

A

DNA moving to a new location in genome

Insertions

46
Q

Inversions

A

DNA segment reversed in orientation

47
Q

Ames

A

Determine the mutagencity of chemicals

48
Q

Oxidative damage

A

To DNA proteins and lipids leads to aging and age related disease

microbiology (5 decks)

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