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XBiology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. all living things are made from cells
  2. cells come from other cells
  3. cells are the basic unit of life
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2
Q

What makes up DNA?

A
  • A sequence of nucleotides are stored in DNA molecules;
  • A 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose
  • A phosphate group (PO4)
  • One of the four nitrogenous bases (Adenine/Thymine, Guanine/Cytosine)
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3
Q

What is DNA (structure)?

A
  • Double stranded a
  • Alpha helix
  • Nitrogenous bases are held together by hydrogen bond
  • Sugar-phosphate backbone
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4
Q

Why is the sequence of nucleotides relevant?

A

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the order of amino acid in proteins, which is responsible for all characteristics of an organism

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5
Q

What are the organelles necessary for the synthesis of proteins?

A
  • Nucleus: stores the genetic material in eukaryotic cells
  • Ribosomes: made in nucleolus and join the amino acids in a chain
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum: folds the protein into proper shape and transports them throughout cell
  • Golgi body: adds carbohydrate chains/metal ions or joins subunits if necessary + packages the finished proteins for transport in vesicles
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6
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Method of reproduction in which 1 individual transmits the hereditary information to the next generation
  • Nucleus divides by mitosis
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7
Q

Mitosis

A

division of nucleus (DNA)

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8
Q

Prophase

A
  • DNA (chromatin) condenses into chromosomes
  • Nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleolus disappears
  • Spindle fibers form from the centrosome as they seperate to opposite poles
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9
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Condensed chromosomes line up on equator guided by spindle fibers which are joined to centromere of sister chromatids
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10
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Centromere splits, forming daughter chromosomes

- Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers

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11
Q

Telophase

A
  • Begins once chromosomes have reached opposite poles of the cell
  • Nuclear membrane reforms with nucleolus
  • Daughter chromosomes uncoil
  • Spindle fibers break down
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12
Q

Cytokinesis (why + animal/plant)

A
  • Occurs to divide the cytoplasm and its organelles in it resulting in 2 identical daughter cells
  • Animal: microfilaments pinch cytoplasm in half forming a cleavage furrow
  • Plants: cell plate forms between 2 daughter nuclei, then cell walls form
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13
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Method of reproduction in which 2 individuals are needed to transmit the hereditary information to next generation
  • Cucleus divides by meiosis
  • Each parent contributes a gametes to offspring in the process of fertilization
    this doubles the amount of DNA (2n) in newly formed cell, called zygote which splits to form embryo
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14
Q

Homologus chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that contain the same genes/genetic information (but not identical); 1 comes from mother and 1 comes from father

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15
Q

Diploid

A

Cells that contain 2 sets of genetic information (2n) or body cells

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16
Q

Haploid

A

Cells that have 1 set of genetic information (n) or sex cells

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17
Q

Gene

A

Portion of DNA with information for 1 protein (aka, eye colour)

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18
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of a gene (blue eyes or brown eyes?

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19
Q

Independant assortment

A

Maternal and paternal chromosomes randomly line up in the middle of the cell during metaphase; orientation of maternal and paternal chromosomes is independant of other pairs

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20
Q

Zygote

A

Egg and sperm fused together after fertilization, divides into an embryo

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21
Q

Tetrad

A

2 homologous chromosomes, each with their sister chromatids

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22
Q

Chiasmata

A

Point that is holding homologous chromosomes together, crossing over occurs here

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23
Q

Synapsis

A

Pairing up of homologous chromosomes to form tetrad

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24
Q

Types of chromosomes in cells

A
  • Sex chromosomes determine sex of individual (1 pair)

- Autosomal chromosomes determine the physical characteristics (1-22 chromosome pairs)

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25
Q

Meiosis goals

A
  1. Reduction division - forms daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
  2. Genetic variability - daughter cells have different combinations of alleles from one another and the parent cell
    (Crossing over, independant assortment, fertilization)
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26
Q

Meiosis I

A
  • Separation of homologous chromosomes

- Produces 2 different haploid cells

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27
Q

Interphase I

A
  • 2n

- Each chromosome has 2 sister chromatids

28
Q

Prophase I

A
  • DNA is condensed
  • Homologous chromosomes pair up, process called synapsis
  • Points of contact are called chiasmata and the pair of homologous chromosomes is called a tetrad
  • Crossing over occurs where DNA from non-sister chromatids is exchanged
  • 2n
29
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • Homologous chromosomes randonly line up on equator with spindle fibres attached to centromere
  • This is called independant assortment
  • 2n
30
Q

Anaphase I

A
  • Homologous chromosomes separate
  • Each chromosome still has 2 sister chromatids
  • n
31
Q

Telophase I / Cytokinesis I

A
  • Cytoplasm divides and nuclear envelope may reappear and chromosomes may uncoil
  • Results in 2 different haploid cells
  • n
32
Q

Meiosis II

A
  • Separation of sister chromatids

- Same thing as mitosis except cells are haploid

33
Q

Prophase II

A
  • Chromosomes condense

- Nuclear membrane disappears

34
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes line up on the equator

35
Q

Anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes

36
Q

Telophase II/Cytokinesis II

A
  • Chromosomes uncoil
  • Cytoplasm gets divided
  • Creates 4 different haploid cells
37
Q

Asexual reproduction: advantages

A
  • Fast
  • Only 1 parent
  • If is well adapted to environment, so are offspring (good in constant environment)
38
Q

Asexual reproduction: disadvantages

A
  • If environment changes (global warming, ice age), can’t adapt
39
Q

Sexual reproduction: advantages

A
  • Genetic variability means some individuals survive if environment changes
40
Q

Sexual reproduction: disadvantages

A
  • Slow

- Requires 2 parents

41
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: differences

A
  • Cellular processes involved (asexual reproduction, growth, repair vs sexual)
  • Type of cell in which it occurs (sex vs somatic)
  • # of divisions
  • # of daughter cells
  • Chromosomes in daughter is different
  • Genetic info (different vs identical)
  • Crossing over and synapsis doesn’t occur in mitosis
42
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: similarities

A
  • Both duplicate DNA

- Chromosomes in parent is 2n

43
Q

Non-disjuction

A

Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during Anaphase I or of sister chromatids to separate during Anaphase II

44
Q

Aneuploidy

A

A condition with extra or missing chromosomes

45
Q

monosomy

A

If a sex cell of one parent is missing a chromosome, then the offspring will have 1 copy of that chromosome

46
Q

trisomy

A

If a sex cell of one parent has an extra chromosome, then the offspring will have 3 copies of that chromosome

47
Q

polyploidy

A

In general, too many chromosomes

48
Q
  1. Genes added onto other chromosome
A
  • Deletion of genes for one chromosome

- Duplication of genes for the other chromosome

49
Q
  1. Part of a chromosome goes to a non homologous chromosome
A
  • Translocation

- XYZ not homologous with EF!

50
Q
  1. Genes got switched around
A
  • Inversion of genes

- Genes don’t work unless they are in the proper order; ABCDEF not ABCDFE

51
Q

Fertilization

A

Process of gametes fusing together to form zygote

52
Q

Process of fertilization?

A

Female/male + meiosis = female/male gamete + female/male gamete = fertilization = zygote

53
Q

Cri-du-chat

A
  • partial delection in chromo #5

= larynx abnormal. so sounds like a cat; mentally challenged

54
Q

Fragile-X syndrome

A
  • part of x chromosome breaks out

= abnormal facial features, mentally challenged

55
Q

Down syndrome

A
  • trisomy 21 (3 copies of chromo 21)

= abnormal facial features, mentally challenged

56
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A
  • XXY (extra chromosome)

= sterile male with breasts, normal intelligence

57
Q

Turner syndrome

A
  • XO (missing chromosome)

= sterile female, partially developed secondary sexual characteristics, normal intelligence

58
Q

Karyotype

A

A picture showing all of the homologous chromosomes so they can clearly see chromosomal abnormalities

59
Q

Semi-conservative

A

DNA replication; strands separate, free nucleotides join their complementary base. (half of each daughter DNA molecule comes from the parent molecule and the other half is newly made.)

60
Q

The 2 strands of a DNA molecule are…

A

Complementary to each other

61
Q

What does the cell theory tell us about traits?

A

That traits must be passed form parent to daughter cell in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid if cells come from pre-existing cells

62
Q

Interphase

A
  • The cell grows (G1) and caries out the reactions necessary for living
  • Replicates DNA (Synapsis) for mitosis or meiosis
  • Synthesis of molecules occur (G2)
63
Q

Genome def

A

Complete DNA sequence of an organism

64
Q

Are sex chromosomes homologous?

A

No! They are not similar, but they are always paired together.

65
Q

Meiosis def

A
  • Cellular process that forms cells with 1/2 the amount of chromosomes in a diploid cell so that when gametes combine in fertilization, a zygote is formed
66
Q

Crossing-over

A

Exchange of DNA of homologous chromosomes at chiasmatas

XBiology (9 decks)

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