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Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Alleles

A

Different form of genes associated with particular characteristics

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

Hereditary units of an organism

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3
Q

Locus

A

Particular point where a certain gene is found on a chromosome

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4
Q

Homozygous

A

An individual with two of the same alleles on a homologous chromosome

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5
Q

Hertrozygous (hybrid)

A

An individual with contrasting alleles for the same trait on a homologous chromosome

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6
Q

Parental generation

A

The two original organism being crossed

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7
Q

First filial generation

A

The first generation of offspring from

The parent

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8
Q

Second filial generation

A

Generation of offspring arising from the first filial generation

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9
Q

Law of Dominance

A
  • pattern of heredity in which one gene of an alleluic pair is expressed
  • this in the heterozygous condition, one allele of a gene may express itself and mask the presence of the other allele
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10
Q

Dominant trait

A

The trait or allele that is expressed

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11
Q

Recessive

A

The trait or allele that is present but is not expressed

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12
Q

Progeny

A

Offspring

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13
Q

Siblings

A

Brothers or sisters

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14
Q

Punnett square

A

Used to represent genetic crosses

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15
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism based upon alleles

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16
Q

Phenotype

A

The appearance of an organism

17
Q

Genes

A

Factors that control organism traits

-the part of the DNA molecule containing the genetic code

18
Q

Principle of segregation and recombination

A

When gametes are formed during meiosis there is a random segregation of homologous chromosomes

  • crossing over
  • as a result of fertilization alleles recombined as a consequence a new allylic gene culmination are likely to produce
19
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

If genes for two different traits are located on a different chromosomes, they are segregated randomly during meiosis and therefore may be inherited independently of each other

20
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

A case of contrasting alleles in which one one allele is only particular dominay over the other

  • The dominant allele is particularly express when a recessive allele is present
  • sometimes called blending inheritance
21
Q

Codominance

A

Case of contrast no alleles in which neither will dominate over the other
—alleles have an equal power

22
Q

Gene linkage

A

Genes for two different traits are located on the same pair of chromosomes
-linked genes are usually inherited together

23
Q

Crossing over

A

during synapsis in the first meiotic division, the chromatids in a
homologous pair of chromosomes often twist around each other, break, exchange segments and rejoin.

24
Q

Karyotype

A

And in large photograph of the chromosomes in organism

25
Q

Mutations

A

Change in genetic material

26
Q

Non disjunction

A

homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, producing offspring with one chromosome more or less than is normal

27
Q

Disjunction

A

the separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

28
Q

Polyploidy

A

• The presence of one or more entire additional sets of chromosomes in an organism (3n,4n number, etc.)

29
Q

Mutantic agents

A

increase the random incidence of mutations

  1. Radiation – X-rays, ultraviolet, radioactive substances, and cosmic rays
  2. Chemicals – formaldehyde, benzene, asbestos fibers, THC, nicotine
30
Q

Artificial selection

A

– individuals with desirable traits are mated to produce offspring with those

31
Q

Inbreeding

A

– offspring produced by artificial selection are mated with one another to reinforce those desirable traits

32
Q

Hybridization

A

with different desirable traits to produce offspring with

a combination of both desirable traits

33
Q

Recombinant DNA (genetic engineering)

A

new varieties of plants and animals can be created by manipulating the genetic instructions of these organisms to produce new characteristics

34
Q

Translocation

A

transfer of one section of a chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome

35
Q

Addition

A

A portion of one chromosome is transferred to another

36
Q

Inversion

A

a portion of a chromosome breaks off and then becomes reattached to the same chromosome in an inverted (upside down) fashion

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