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Bio 1000 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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0
Q

What impact do mutations have on the DNA fragments?

A

Makes them different sizes

Can cause a sequence to no longer act as a restriction site

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1
Q

What is restriction fragment analysis?

A

Examines size distribution of DNA restriction fragments cut by restriction enzymes

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2
Q

What are the five uses for restriction fragment analysis?

A
  1. Examine variation within individuals
  2. Determine relatedness of groups
  3. Identify genes associated with mutations
  4. DNA fingerprinting
  5. Identify carriers of genetic disorders
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3
Q

What regions of DNA does human fingerprinting examine?

A

Non coding
Highly variable
Repeated

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4
Q

What does the number of alleles tell you?

A

The number of repeats which is the size of the DNA fragment

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5
Q

What is the five step procedure for DNA fingerprinting?

A
  1. DNA sample is amplified using PCR
  2. Sample is cut with restriction enzymes
  3. Fragments separated by gel electrophoresis
  4. DNA separated into single strands and bound to surface
  5. Proves are used to find fragments with repeated sequences
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6
Q

Paternity testing

A

Alleles found in a child must be present in one or both parents

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7
Q

What are the potential problems with fingerprinting?

A

Contamination of sample
Inaccurate reporting
Relatives may have same alleles

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8
Q

What is the solution to relatives and DNA testing?

A

Using several different repeats and testing for variation

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9
Q

What are GMO’s?

A

Artificially modified genomes of organisms

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10
Q

What are the two types of modifications of GMO’s?

A
  1. Modification of existing genomes

2. Transgenic organisms

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11
Q

What are transgenic organisms?

A

Organisms with genes from two or more species combined

Example roundup ready crops

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12
Q

What are two genetic technologies that treat genetic disorders?

A

Supplying missing gene product with working copies of the gene
Gene therapy- extracting cells, infect cells, place back in patient * only works for a while

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13
Q

What are seven basic methods of genetic technologies?

A 
Replication of DNA 
Locating nucleotide sequences
Cutting and joining sections of DNA
Separating pieces of DNA 
Pasting DNA into an organism 
Sequencing sections of DNA 
Locating sequences of DNA
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14
Q

What enzyme does polymerase chain reaction use?

A

Heat resistant DNA polymerase

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15
Q

What are the steps in PCR?

A
  1. Sample DNA, primers, DNA polymerase and nucleotides combined
  2. Heat strands to separate them
  3. Strands are cooled to allow primers to bind to each strand
  4. DNA polymerase synthesizes new strands
  5. Repeat
16
Q

What parts of DNA can be amplified?

A

Small regions between the primers

17
Q

What do restriction enzymes do?

A

Cut DNA into fragments

18
Q

What are the steps of joining and cutting DNA?

A

Cut with restriction enzymes
Cut at restriction site
DNA ligase bonds two parts together

19
Q

How do you combine DNA from different organisms?

A
  1. Must cut with same restriction enzymes
  2. DNA from each is mixed which allows H bonds to form
  3. DNA ligase forms the sugar phosphate backbone
20
Q

What is gel electrophoresis?

A

A process to separate DNA

Draws DNA to positive charges

21
Q

How is gel electrophoresis done?

A
  1. Place mixture of DNA on gel
  2. Electric current is applied
  3. DNA separates by size
  4. DNA is stained
22
Q

What are uses for gel electrophoresis?

A

Identify organisms
Locate and separate genes
Sequence DNA

23
Q

What are three methods of pasting DNA into organisms?

A

Plasmids
Viruses
Mechanical methods

24
Q

What are plasmid vectors?

A

Small rings found in prokaryotic cells

Have same restriction sites as the chromosomal DNA

25
Q

Viral vectors or viruses

A

Composed of nucleic acids and proteins

Reproduce in host cell

26
Q

What are the two ways viruses can reproduce?

A

Lytic cycle- virus is copied and then breaks apart

Lysogenic- phage DNA inserts itself into chromosome and cell continues to replicate and replicates phage

27
Q

What are retroviruses?

A

Composed of RNA
Contains reverse transcriptase which makes DNA based on RNA sequence
Allows genetic codes based on RNA to be inserted

28
Q

What is a mechanical method?

A

DNA is physically out into cells

29
Q

What is needed when determining a nucleotide sequence?

A

It uses PCR , normal nucleotides and modified nucleotides.
Different dyes attach to certain bases
Sugars can’t bind to phosphates which stops PCR

30
Q

What are the steps for determining a nucleotide sequence?

A
  1. DNA is separated into single strands by gel electrophoresis
  2. Probes are added and binds strands to their complimentary strands using hydrogen bonds
  3. Sample is washed to remove unbound probes
  4. Presence of detected
31
Q

What are the uses for probes?

A

To detect a sequence

Genetic mapping

32
Q

What is the XY system ?

A

Males: x and y
Females: two x

33
Q

What is the xo system?

A

Males have one x

Females have two x’s

34
Q

What is the zw system?

A

Males have two z’s
Females have one z and one w
Males have double the DNA
Egg cell determines gender

35
Q

What is the haploid diploid system?

A

Males are haploid
Females diploid
Males are unfertilized eggs
Example are bees

36
Q

What is environmentally induced sex determination?

A

Males and females aren’t genetically different
Environment causes them to be one or the other
Example temp. And turtles

Bio 1000 (2 decks)

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