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Bio 1000 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Platos beliefs

A

Objects are represented by ideal forms

Variation isn’t important

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1
Q

Aristotles beliefs

A

Species don’t change

Natural order doesn’t change

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2
Q

Jean Lamark

A

Linear force- evolution towards inc complexity
- driven by internal force
Lateral force- adaptation to local conditions
- have certain traits for their environment

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3
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Proposed mechanism to explain evolution, waited 30 years to release
Natural selection

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4
Q

Alfred Wallace

A

Developed same idea as Darwin but let Darwin publish

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5
Q

Darwin
Define
Uniformitarianism

A

World under slow constant change.

Lyell

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6
Q

Define essay on populations

A

Human populations grow faster than resources

Malthus

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7
Q

Darwins theory of natural selection: 3 points

A

All can reproduce at exponential rates
Populations can’t increase exponentially
Resources are limited (Malthus ideas on essay population)

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8
Q

What were darwins four conclusions?

A
  1. Struggle for existence within a species
    2 survival depends on varying traits
  2. Populations evolve
  3. All species have evolved from a common ancestral species
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9
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Organism can be bred into different species

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10
Q

Biogeography

A

Organisms from one region are more similar than from another region

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11
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Parts similar in structure but have entirely different functions

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12
Q

What. Are analogous structures?

A

Parts different in structure but have similar functions

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13
Q

Vestigial parts

A

Serve no function

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14
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

Relationships can be implied from chemical similarity of organisms

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15
Q

What is coevolution?

A

Organisms that rely on others show evolutionary similarities

16
Q

What are the four arguments against evolution?

A

Lack of intermediate forms in fossil records
Dilution of favourable traits
Blind watchmaker - mutation is random
Irreducible Complexity

17
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Average traits are selected

Occurs when environment is stable

18
Q

Directional selection

A

Higher OR lower traits are selected

Occurs when environment changes and organisms adapt

19
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Higher AND lower traits selected

When resources are unevenly distributed

20
Q

Frequency dependent selection

A

Uncommon traits are selected
Increases variation and diversity
Balances out traits making more common

21
Q

Sexual selection

A

May have traits that decrease ability to survive but increase ability to breed

22
Q

What are the two forms of sexual selection?

A

Females pick males

Males compete

23
Q

What is random selection?

A

Change in genetic makeup of population by random events

24
Q

Founder effects

A

Some individuals Ina population migrate to different area and have some different traits than population they left

25
Q

Bottleneck effects

A

All but a few are eliminated in a population. Survivors don’t have same traits as original population

26
Q

Genetic drift

A

Non adaptive change in population over time

27
Q

Define typological/ morphological species

A

Group of individuals sharing similar characteristics

Ex. Tigers to lions

28
Q

Define Biological species

A

Organisms that can produce fertile offspring

29
Q

What are the issues with biological species theory?

A

Doesn’t work for asexual organisms
Difficult to test
Same species can evolve into two and still produce offspring

30
Q

What are three barriers that prevent different species from interbreeding?

A

Gamete isolation
Behavioural barriers
Mechanical isolation

31
Q

What is a behavioural barrier?

A

Species:
Occupy different habitats
Breed at different times
Different mating behaviours

32
Q

What is mechanical isolation?

A

Structural differences prevents mating

Example: certain dogs

33
Q

What is gamete isolation?

A

Gametes are prevented from uniting due to incompatible cell surfaces

34
Q

What are two processes of species formation and explain

A
  1. Formation of species through geographic isolation he population is split and eventually isolation from eachother leads to differences
  2. Formation of species without geo isolation
    Polyploids
35
Q

What is the formation of polyploids?

A

Organisms with two or more complete sets of chromosomes
Can’t cross with parents
Can lead to issues in animals
But works out nicely for plants

Bio 1000 (2 decks)

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