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Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

Nucleic acid found in cells; the genetic material that specifies protein synthesis in cells.

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2
Q

Gene

A

Unit of heredity existing as alleles on the chromosomes

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3
Q

Allele

A

Alternate form of a gene

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4
Q

Chromatin

A

Network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins within a nucleus

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5
Q

Chromosome

A

Composed of chromatin and contains the hereditary units, or genes.

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6
Q

Homologous Chromosomes (homologues)

A

Similarly constructed chromosomes that have the same shape and contain genes for the same traits.

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7
Q

Chromatid

A

each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division.

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8
Q

Diploid cell

A

Twice the number of chromosomes found in gametes

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9
Q

Haploid cell

A

Half the diploid number; the number characteristic of gametes that contain only one set of chromosomes

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10
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of a sperm nucleus and an oocyte nucleus to create a zygote

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

Outward appearance of an organism caused by the genotype and environmental influences

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12
Q

Dihybrid

A

Individual that is heterozygous for two traits.

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13
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

Inheritance pattern in which there are more than two alleles for a particular trait

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14
Q

Genotype

A

Combinations of alleles

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15
Q

Homologues

A

Similarly constructed chromosomes that have the same shape and contain genes for the same traits.

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16
Q

Gametes

A

Haploid sex cell; an oocyte or a sperm that joins during fertilization to form a zygote

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17
Q

Genetic Variation

A

Due to crossing over and independent assortment during meiosis , off-spring do not have the same genetic makeup as either parent.

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18
Q

Crossing Over

A

Exchange of corresponding segments of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during synapsis ( the connection of chromosome pairs during meiosis) of meiosis

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19
Q

Independent assortment

A

Alleles of unlinked genes segregate independently of each other during meiosis so that the gametes contain all possible combinations of alleles.

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20
Q

Prophase I

A

Homologous chromosomes pair during synapsis

21
Q

Metaphase I

A

Homologous chromosome pairs align at the metaphase plate

22
Q

Anaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes separate, pulled to opposite poles by the centromeric spindle fibres.

23
Q

Telophase I

A

Daughter cells ave one chromosome from each homologous pair

24
Q

Interkinesis

A

Period of time between meiosis I and meiosis II during which no DNA replications takes place.

25
Q

Prophase II

A

Cells have one chromosome from each homologous pair

26
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

27
Q

Anaphase II

A

Daughter chromosomes move toward the poles

28
Q

Telophase II

A

Spindle disappears, nuclei form, and cytokinesis takes place

29
Q

Daughter Cells

A

Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells

30
Q

Recessive allele

A

Hereditary factor that expresses itself in the phenotype only when the genotype is homozygous

31
Q

Dominant allele

A

Allele that exerts its phenotypic effect in the heterozygote; it masks the expression of the recessive allele

32
Q

homozygous

A

Having identical alleles, which could be AA or aa for a given trait; pure breeding.

33
Q

heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a given trait, Aa

34
Q

Monohybrids

A

Individual that is heterozygous for one trait

35
Q

Co-dominance

A

Three phenotypes (one per genotype) and the third one is a combination of the other two ex. roan cow

36
Q

Epistasis

A

More than one pair of genes for ONE trait

37
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Three phenotypes (one per genotype) and the third one looks like a blend ex. skin colour

38
Q

Multi-allelic genes

A

One pair of genes with more than 2 alleles

39
Q

Carrier

A

Heterozygous woman who has no apparent abnormality but can pass on an allele for a recessively inherited genetic disorder

40
Q

Autosomes

A

Any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes

41
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Chromosome that determines the sex of an individual; in humans, females have two X chromosomes, and males have an X and Y chromosome

42
Q

Sex-linked

A

Allele that occurs on the sex chromosomes but may control a trait having nothing to do with the sexual characteristics of an individual

43
Q

Difference between Meiosis and Mitosis

A

Mitosis: Cell division to produce more cell growth
Meiosis: Is the process as part of sexual reproduction in which the gametes (23 chromosomes from each parent) to form a zygote

44
Q

Difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II

A

Meiosis I: During Telophase the daughter cells form

Meiosis II: This is where the sister chromatids separate

45
Q

A-sexual reproduction:

A
  • One parent is needed

- Cell division by mitosis produces cells

46
Q

Sexual reproduction:

A
  • Two parents (46 chromosomes - diploid)
  • Cell division by meiosis
  • Sex cells (gametes) produce half the number of chromosomes (23)
47
Q

Tetrad

A

A grouping of four chromatids that have similar genes. This is where crossing over may occur

48
Q

Principle of Segregation:

A

genes exist in pairs, which 
segregate randomly when gametes are formed and then recombine into pairs at fertilization

49
Q

Principle of Dominance:

A

heterozygous, then one version will dominate and the other will disappear. The recessive version of the gene will only show up as a trait 
when an individual inherits two copies of the recessive, or is 
homozygous recessive.

Biology (7 decks)

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