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Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Inherited traits

A

Traits we inherit from our ancestors

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2
Q

Acquired traits

A

Traits that are acquired due to environmental change

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3
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

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4
Q

Genes

A

Coded instructions for making everything the body needs
-genes carry the code for a specific trait and alleles tell us what variation of that trait

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5
Q

Chromatin

A

a combo of DNA and protein that’s very thin

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

one long condensed DNA molecule condensed containing thousands of hundreds of genes

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7
Q

Packaging of eukaryotes

A

have a membrane bound nucleus

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8
Q

Eukaryote

A

any cell with a nucleus

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9
Q

prokaryote

A

a cell that doesn’t have a nucleus

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10
Q

Why is DNA coiled?

A

To prevent damage during mitosis and meiosis

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do we have

A
  1. 23 from mom
    23 from dad
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12
Q

Watson and Crick DNA model

A

sugar phosphate backbone model

2 molecules are arranged into a ladder-like structure called a double helix

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13
Q

what is one molecule of DNA made of

A

nucleotides

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14
Q

what does a nucleotide consist of

A

-phosphate group
-pentose sugar
-nitrogenous base

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15
Q

The 4 types of nitrogenous bases

A

-adenine
-thymine
-cytosine
-guanine

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16
Q

pyrimidines

A

single ringed
thymine and cytosine

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17
Q

purines

A

double ringed
adenine and guanine

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18
Q

what gives DNA its spiral shape

A

tight bond between a purine and pyrimidine

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19
Q

codons

A

nitrogenous bases arranged into triplets

ex. AGG-CTC is also TCC-GAG

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20
Q

The cell cycle and mitosis

A

Every eukaryotic cell goes through it

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21
Q

Somatic cells

A

body cells that reproduce through growth and division

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22
Q

G1/growth phase 1

A

cells start preparing for synthesis phase by undergoing various metabolic processes, to make sure cell has enough material to replicate

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23
Q

S phase/ synthesis

A

DNA is replicated/copied

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24
Q

G2/growth 2 phase

A

cells are preparing to undergo division and checking for errors in replication, repairing damage

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25
Prophase
nuclear membrane breaks apart to let chromosomes move freely, nucleolus disappears, 2 centrosomes begin to form the mitotic spindle, and spindle fibres extend to opposite ends of the cell
26
Metaphase
Spindle fibres attach to center of the sister chromatids and are pushed towards the metaphase plate
27
Anaphase
Centromeres split separating chromosomes into chromatids pulled by microtubules (spindle fibres), into a v shape towards opposite sides
28
Telophase
Begins once chromatids have reached opposite poles. chromatids begin to unwind and cleavage furrow begins to form
29
Cytokinesis
Literal cell division the separation of cytoplasm forming 2 identical daughter cells. Nuclear membrane forms around each new set of chromosomes
30
Sister chromatids
2 identical copies of a chromosome
31
Chromatids
1 of the 2 identical copies of a chromsome
32
Homologous chromosomes
2 chromosomes of a matching pair, each carrying the same series of genes
33
Tetrads
4 chromatids joined together during crossing over
34
Meiosis
Sexual reproduction creating 2 unique offspring -produces genetic variation
35
Gametes
egg and sperm cells
36
zygote
when two gametes form a zygote
37
Prophase 1
nuclear membrane disolves, homologous chromosomes cross over (creates genetic diversity) centrioles appear
38
Metaphase 1
line up homologous chromosomes
39
Anaphase 1
Go to opposite ends of the cell
40
Telophase 1
Nuclear membrane is is reformed
41
Prophase 2
nuclear membrane dissolves, centrioles move to opposite poles
42
Metaphase 2
Chromosomes line up along the equator
43
Anaphase 2
Chromatids are pulled apart
44
Telophase 2
Nuclear membrane is reformed providing 4 genetically unique cells
45
Key features of meiosis
Meiosis 1: -copy chromosomes -line up homologous chromosomes -crossing over homologous chromosomes Meiosis 2: -normal cell division (mitosis) without copy chromsomes
46
Gametogenisis
The production of gametes (sex cells) through meiosis
47
Spermatogenisis
Meiosis in males (occurs in the testes). starts w
48
Oogenisis
Meiosis in females (occurs in the ovaries) Starts with diploid cell (2n) starts before a female is born but pauses in prophase resumes at puberty, ovulating one cell per month meiosis 2 is complete when sperm fertilizes the egg creating a a viable egg
49
Independant assortment
Chromosomes of maternal origin are orientated towards one pole and visa versa for paternal chromosomes
50
Non disjunction
spindle fibres make an error in distributions of chromosomes, homologous chromosomes are not pulled apart properly
51
Trisomy 13
Patau syndrome small eyes, extra fingers and toes, clift lip
52
Trisomy 18
Edwards syndrome low birth weight, small head jaw and mouth, clenched first
53
Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome intellectual disability, characteristic facial appearance,
54
XXY
Klinefelter syndrome 2 copies of x chromosome one y affects males, small testes that don't produce much testosterone, resulting in breast enlargement, reduced facial and body hair
55
Chromosomal mutations
-translocation -deletion -duplication -inversion
56
Translocation
Fragment of a chromosome attatches to a chromosome that has nothing to do with it
57
Deletion
Part of a chromosome gets deleted
58
Duplication
Part of a chromosome is repeated
59
Inversion
Fragment of the origional chromosome is revered and re-inserted
60
Selective breeding
selecting spesific plants /animals to breed for desired traits
61
Artifical insemination
Artificial transfer of semen into the female reproductive system
62
Embryo transfer
fertilizing an egg outside of the womb, and transferring into reproductive tract
63
Genetic engineering (GMOs)
The intentional production of new genes and alteration of genomes by the substitution of new genetic material (can alter the abilities of living organisms to meet needs in agriculture)
64
Gene
basic unit of heredity controls characterisitcs (ex height)
65
Allele
alternate forms of a gene controlling certain characteristics found at the same locations on homologous chromosomes (ex. tall and short)
66
Dominant
allele thats expressed
67
Recessive
Allele that is masked (not seen)
68
Homozygous
Individual recieved 2 identical allesles from parents
69
Heterozygous
individual recieved 2 non-identical alleles from parents
70
Genotype
Describes the genetic makeup of the individual in terms of the combination of aleles (ex, Tt)
71
Phenotype
Physical appearance of genotype
72
Monohybrid
only 1 characterisitc is being crossed
73
Punnent square
chart used to predict the different possible combinations of a trait from 2 parents
74
Mendelian ratio
(3:1) 3 dominant, 1 reccesive
75
Incomplete domiance
neither trait is dominant or reccesive (blend) ex. purple and blue would produce purple
76
Co dominance
both alleles are dominant, both traits are exressed in a heterozygous individual ex. red and white cows create roan cow
77
Complete dominance
One is dom one is recessive expressed as dom one
78
Sex linked disorders
red-green colourblindness, hemophilia
79
Autosomal domiant inhertitance
-every affected individual has affected parents -occurs equally in both genders -half the offspring of an affected parent are also affected
80
Autosomal recessive inheritance
-Affected people have unaffected parents, -equal in both genders -occurs in every generation
81
X linked recessive
-seen in males -carried unexpressed by daughters to the next generation
82
X linked dominant
-fathers always pass it down to their daughters
83
Blood types
A, B, O, AB -O is the universal donor (can only accept O blood -AB can accept A,B, or O blood IAIA IaIa IBIB IbIb IAIB ii - O

Biology (5 decks)

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