Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Inherited traits

A

Traits we inherit from our ancestors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Acquired traits

A

Traits that are acquired due to environmental change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Genes

A

Coded instructions for making everything the body needs
-genes carry the code for a specific trait and alleles tell us what variation of that trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chromatin

A

a combo of DNA and protein that’s very thin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chromosomes

A

one long condensed DNA molecule condensed containing thousands of hundreds of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Packaging of eukaryotes

A

have a membrane bound nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Eukaryote

A

any cell with a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

prokaryote

A

a cell that doesn’t have a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is DNA coiled?

A

To prevent damage during mitosis and meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many chromosomes do we have

A
  1. 23 from mom
    23 from dad
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Watson and Crick DNA model

A

sugar phosphate backbone model

2 molecules are arranged into a ladder-like structure called a double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is one molecule of DNA made of

A

nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does a nucleotide consist of

A

-phosphate group
-pentose sugar
-nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The 4 types of nitrogenous bases

A

-adenine
-thymine
-cytosine
-guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pyrimidines

A

single ringed
thymine and cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

purines

A

double ringed
adenine and guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what gives DNA its spiral shape

A

tight bond between a purine and pyrimidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

codons

A

nitrogenous bases arranged into triplets

ex. AGG-CTC is also TCC-GAG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The cell cycle and mitosis

A

Every eukaryotic cell goes through it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Somatic cells

A

body cells that reproduce through growth and division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

G1/growth phase 1

A

cells start preparing for synthesis phase by undergoing various metabolic processes, to make sure cell has enough material to replicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

S phase/ synthesis

A

DNA is replicated/copied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

G2/growth 2 phase

A

cells are preparing to undergo division and checking for errors in replication, repairing damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Prophase

A

nuclear membrane breaks apart to let chromosomes move freely, nucleolus disappears, 2 centrosomes begin to form the mitotic spindle, and spindle fibres extend to opposite ends of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibres attach to center of the sister chromatids and are pushed towards the metaphase plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split separating chromosomes into chromatids pulled by microtubules (spindle fibres), into a v shape towards opposite sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Telophase

A

Begins once chromatids have reached opposite poles. chromatids begin to unwind and cleavage furrow begins to form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Literal cell division
the separation of cytoplasm forming 2 identical daughter cells. Nuclear membrane forms around each new set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sister chromatids

A

2 identical copies of a chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Chromatids

A

1 of the 2 identical copies of a chromsome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

2 chromosomes of a matching pair, each carrying the same series of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Tetrads

A

4 chromatids joined together during crossing over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Meiosis

A

Sexual reproduction creating 2 unique offspring
-produces genetic variation

35
Q

Gametes

A

egg and sperm cells

36
Q

zygote

A

when two gametes form a zygote

37
Q

Prophase 1

A

nuclear membrane disolves, homologous chromosomes cross over (creates genetic diversity) centrioles appear

38
Q

Metaphase 1

A

line up homologous chromosomes

39
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Go to opposite ends of the cell

40
Q

Telophase 1

A

Nuclear membrane is is reformed

41
Q

Prophase 2

A

nuclear membrane dissolves, centrioles move to opposite poles

42
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Chromosomes line up along the equator

43
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Chromatids are pulled apart

44
Q

Telophase 2

A

Nuclear membrane is reformed providing 4 genetically unique cells

45
Q

Key features of meiosis

A

Meiosis 1:
-copy chromosomes
-line up homologous chromosomes
-crossing over homologous chromosomes

Meiosis 2:
-normal cell division (mitosis) without copy chromsomes

46
Q

Gametogenisis

A

The production of gametes (sex cells) through meiosis

47
Q

Spermatogenisis

A

Meiosis in males (occurs in the testes). starts w

48
Q

Oogenisis

A

Meiosis in females (occurs in the ovaries)
Starts with diploid cell (2n)
starts before a female is born but pauses in prophase
resumes at puberty, ovulating one cell per month
meiosis 2 is complete when sperm fertilizes the egg creating a a viable egg

49
Q

Independant assortment

A

Chromosomes of maternal origin are orientated towards one pole and visa versa for paternal chromosomes

50
Q

Non disjunction

A

spindle fibres make an error in distributions of chromosomes, homologous chromosomes are not pulled apart properly

51
Q

Trisomy 13

A

Patau syndrome
small eyes, extra fingers and toes, clift lip

52
Q

Trisomy 18

A

Edwards syndrome
low birth weight, small head jaw and mouth, clenched first

53
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down Syndrome
intellectual disability, characteristic facial appearance,

54
Q

XXY

A

Klinefelter syndrome
2 copies of x chromosome one y
affects males, small testes that don’t produce much testosterone, resulting in breast enlargement, reduced facial and body hair

55
Q

Chromosomal mutations

A

-translocation
-deletion
-duplication
-inversion

56
Q

Translocation

A

Fragment of a chromosome attatches to a chromosome that has nothing to do with it

57
Q

Deletion

A

Part of a chromosome gets deleted

58
Q

Duplication

A

Part of a chromosome is repeated

59
Q

Inversion

A

Fragment of the origional chromosome is revered and re-inserted

60
Q

Selective breeding

A

selecting spesific plants /animals to breed for desired traits

61
Q

Artifical insemination

A

Artificial transfer of semen into the female reproductive system

62
Q

Embryo transfer

A

fertilizing an egg outside of the womb, and transferring into reproductive tract

63
Q

Genetic engineering (GMOs)

A

The intentional production of new genes and alteration of genomes by the substitution of new genetic material (can alter the abilities of living organisms to meet needs in agriculture)

64
Q

Gene

A

basic unit of heredity
controls characterisitcs (ex height)

65
Q

Allele

A

alternate forms of a gene controlling certain characteristics found at the same locations on homologous chromosomes (ex. tall and short)

66
Q

Dominant

A

allele thats expressed

67
Q

Recessive

A

Allele that is masked (not seen)

68
Q

Homozygous

A

Individual recieved 2 identical allesles from parents

69
Q

Heterozygous

A

individual recieved 2 non-identical alleles from parents

70
Q

Genotype

A

Describes the genetic makeup of the individual in terms of the combination of aleles (ex, Tt)

71
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance of genotype

72
Q

Monohybrid

A

only 1 characterisitc is being crossed

73
Q

Punnent square

A

chart used to predict the different possible combinations of a trait from 2 parents

74
Q

Mendelian ratio

A

(3:1) 3 dominant, 1 reccesive

75
Q

Incomplete domiance

A

neither trait is dominant or reccesive (blend) ex. purple and blue would produce purple

76
Q

Co dominance

A

both alleles are dominant, both traits are exressed in a heterozygous individual ex. red and white cows create roan cow

77
Q

Complete dominance

A

One is dom one is recessive
expressed as dom one

78
Q

Sex linked disorders

A

red-green colourblindness, hemophilia

79
Q

Autosomal domiant inhertitance

A

-every affected individual has affected parents
-occurs equally in both genders
-half the offspring of an affected parent are also affected

80
Q

Autosomal recessive inheritance

A

-Affected people have unaffected parents,
-equal in both genders
-occurs in every generation

81
Q

X linked recessive

A

-seen in males
-carried unexpressed by daughters to the next generation

82
Q

X linked dominant

A

-fathers always pass it down to their daughters

83
Q

Blood types

A

A, B, O, AB

-O is the universal donor (can only accept O blood
-AB can accept A,B, or O blood

IAIA IaIa
IBIB IbIb
IAIB
ii - O

Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions