Evolution

Question 1

Evolutionary theory

Answer 1

All life forms are fundamentally similar at a cellular and molecular level

Question 2

Aristotle

Answer 2

All living things have been created in their present form (developed through strongly held religious beliefs

Question 3

Buffon

Answer 3

Studied animal structures. considered thier functions, was puzzled by some features that seemd to have no purpose (pigs toes)

Question 4

Evolutionary theory: Erasmus and Dawrin

Answer 4

Evolutionary theory
Proposed that life evolved over time

Question 5

Cuvier

Answer 5

(paleontology)
found fossils of simple organisms in all depths, more complex fossils found in shallower deposits and

Catastrophism: global catastrophes such as floods, caused the widespread extensions of species. These species were then replaced by brand new species

Question 6

Uniformitarianism - Lyell

Answer 6

lyell (geologist)
-Earth has been changed by the same process that occurs in the past that occurs now
-geological change is slow and gradual not fast
-natural laws that influence these changes are constant, they operated in the past with the same intensity as they do now

Question 7

Evolutionary theory

Answer 7

(Lammark) proposed that evolutionary change resulted from 2 different principals: use and disuse and inheritance of acquired characteristics

Use and disuse: structures an individual uses become larger and stronger, while those not used become smaller and weaker

Inheritance of acquired traits: individuals can pass down characteristics they acquire during their life (flawed)

Question 8

Darwin

Answer 8

Linked ideas from paleontology, geology, geography to natural selection
sailed on the HMS beagle
Finches: collected on galapagos, beaks modified to suit food source, descended from common mainland ancestor

Question 9

Patterns in diversity

Answer 9

-species vary locally
-species vary globally
-species vary over time

Question 10

Descent with modification

Answer 10

Darwin proposed that descendents of the earliest organisms spread into various habitats over millions of years

Question 11

Survival of the fittest

Answer 11

Darwin -
the ability of an individual to survivae and reproduce in its enviornment

Question 12

Homologous strucutres

Answer 12

Common evolutionary origin, not same function
ex. bird and bee wing

Question 13

Analogous strucutres

Answer 13

Share similar function but not evolutionary history ex. human, whale, bat,

Question 14

Vestigial structures

Answer 14

Non-functioning structures that are present in reduced form (important in past but not now)
ex. wisdom teeth, diet has changed, dont need three molars

Question 15

Artifical selection & issues

Answer 15

Breed animals for particular traits

issues:
-traits for desire rather than purpose (medical issues)
-playing “god” with unknown ripple effects
-decrease genetic diversity
-create monocultures that can be wiped out easily

Question 16

Hardy weinberg equilibrium

Answer 16

Populations not undergoing change do not evolve, HWE quantifies genes by MEASURING ALLELE FREQUENCY
provides a BASELINE that makes it possible to recognize when a gene pool is changing

Question 17

5 constant conditions for HWE

Answer 17

-population is very large
-there is no random mating
-no mutations occur
-no migration occur (gene flow)
-no natrual sellection occurs

Question 18

Microevolution

Answer 18

Gene pool frequences of alles change within a population(evolution on a small scale)

Question 19

Genetic drift

Answer 19

Changes to allele frequency by chance uncontrolled) in small populations
-bottle neck effect: dramatically reduces population and gene pool due to natrual disaster, only certain alleles are represented
-founder effect: individuals leaving a population establish a new one

Question 20

Gene flow

Answer 20

a random process involving exchange (migration) of fertile genes with another population

Question 21

Types of microevoution

Answer 21

-stablizing selection *
-directional selection *
-disruptive selection *
-sexual selection
-culmative selection
-altruism

Question 22

Stabilizing selection

Answer 22

average phenotype if favoured (ex. human birthweight)

Question 23

Directional selection

Answer 23

Favours an increase or decrease in a phenotypic trait from the current population average, can follow dramatic change in enviornment

Question 24

Disruptive selection

Answer 24

Favours 2 or more variations that differ from the population average, typically 2 extremes
ex. humming bird bill length

Question 25

Sexual selection

Answer 25

favours the selection of any trait that a partner deems valuble
ex. phyiscal traits (peacocks feathers, behavioural ex antlers)

Question 26

Culmative selction

Answer 26

evolution of complex features including mutations . ex. eye structure

Question 27

Altrusism

Answer 27

One organism benefits from another’s health, believe it is more important than the survival of oneself
ex. workers and queen bee

Question 28

Modes of speciasion

Answer 28

1) Reproductive isolation
a) prezygotic
-behavioural
-temporal
-ecological
-mechanical
b) post zygotic
2) Allopatric speciation
3) Sympatric speciation
4) Parapatric speciation
5) Human influence on speciation

Question 29

Reproductive issolation

Answer 29

any biological factors that prevents the individuals of different species that prevents them from mating together

-prezygotic: prevent fertilization and zygote formation

-postzygotic: prevent zygote from becoming a healthy fertile adult (hybrids - donkey)

Question 30

Ecological isolation:

Answer 30

occupy seperate habitats, usually dramatic barriers to travel, species do not encounter each other

Question 31

Temporal issolation

Answer 31

Reproductive cycles occur at different times, overlap geographically but not flowering/mating season
ex. some flower at night other at day

Question 32

Mechanical isolation

Answer 32

Structureal differences in reproductive organs
ex orchids, adapted to spesific pollinators

Question 33

Allopatric speciation

picture

Answer 33

Evolution of a new species as a result of geographical or physical isolation

Picture - LAND mass opposite sides

Question 34

Parapatric speciation

Answer 34

Population splits into sepreate smaller gene pools but share a similar geographical area, but noth are reporductively issolatied

pictire: in land mass and mixed a bit

Question 35

Sympatric speciation

Answer 35

species occupies a continuous habitat within the same geographical area (two populatios live side by side) reproductively issolated

Question 36

Miller Urey experiment

Answer 36

recreated early atmosphere and ancient earth conditions (the watercycle) and to test theories of the origion of life

Question 37

Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 37

small aerobic prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger eukaryotic cells which eventually formed a symbiotic relationship

evolved to become mitochondria and chloroplast

Question 38

The rate of evolution: Gradualism

Answer 38

Slow change
no clear marks between old and new species

Question 39

The rate of evolution: Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 39

Species evolve rapidly
speciation occurs in small isolated populations

Question 40

Patterns of evolution

Answer 40

-adaptive radiation (a single species evolves into a number of distinct but closely related species)
-divergent evolution (species evolve different traits from a common ancestor)
-convergent evolution (two unrelated species
-coevolution (species share an evolutionary pathway and are dependent on each other for survival)

Question 41

phylogeny

Answer 41

theoretical evolutionary history of a group