Genetics Flashcards

metabolic pathways, conditional mutants

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1
Q

Genes

A

individual units of heredity that correspond to a particular segment of DNA, whose unique sequence (A,T,C,G) codes for a particular trait

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

-structures made up of DNA wound around proteins called histones
-one set of chromosomes from mother, one from father
-22 pairs non-sex, 1 pair sex

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3
Q

Aneuploidy

A

atypical number of chromosomes

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4
Q

Down syndrome

A

trisomy 21

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5
Q

klinefelter’s syndrome

A

XXY

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6
Q

turner’s syndrome

A

X

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7
Q

Allele

A

version of the gene

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8
Q

Genome

A

-entire genetic material
-1 base pair is like C-G

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9
Q

haploid genome

A

one set of chromosomes

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10
Q

Where is genetic information stored?

A

The nuclei of most of our cells in our body (not red blood cell)

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11
Q

Genotype

A

refers to the specific allele combination for a gene

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12
Q

Phenotype

A

outward expression of the genotype

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13
Q

Mendel’s law of segregation

A

A parent contains two alleles of a gene but randomly contributes just one allele of the gene to its offspring. Result: Offspring inherits the gene from mon and one from dad

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14
Q

Punnett square

A

determines potential genotypes of offspring

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15
Q

Homozygous dominant

A

ex: PP

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16
Q

Heterozygous

A

ex: Pp

17
Q

Homozygous recessive

A

pp

18
Q

Dominant allele

A

the one that makes a working protein

19
Q

Recessive allele

A

one that makes a broken or no protein

20
Q

Alkaptonuria (AKU)

A

-recessive disease
-tissues accumulate black pigment
-build up: homogentisic acid (HGA)
-urine turns black upon oxidation

21
Q

What do defects in pathways lead to?

A

lead to different phenotypes

22
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU) symptoms

A

-builds up phenylalanine
-born with minimal or no symptoms, but if left untreated can lead to permanent intellectual disability
-build-up damages nervous system, leading to symptoms
-early treatment (low phenylalanine diet)

23
Q

Genetic screen search for

A

-random mutagenesis in a model organism
-mutants that exhibit a loss of function phenotype

24
Q

How to determine gene identity of a mutant?

A

-complementation tests
-gene mapping

25
Q

Prototroph (wild type)

A

can synthesize what it needs (amino acids, nitrogenous bases, or vitamins)

26
Q

Auxotroph (mutant)

A

cannot synthesize what it needs sue to mutated gene in an essential metabolic enzyme; these require addition of a particular nutrient

27
Q

Conditional mutants

A

under one condition (permissive condition) they exhibit wild-type phenotype (grow/survive in this case) and under another condition (restrictive conditions) they show their mutant phenotype (die in this case)

28
Q

Restrictive condition

A

minimal media
requires organism to synthesize metabolites
wild type prototrophs: growth
Mutant auxotrophs: no growth

29
Q

Permissive condition

A

-rich media
-does not require the organism to synthesize metabolites
-wild type prototrophs: growth
-mutant auxotrophs: growth

30
Q
A