Genetics Flashcards
What is the fundamental difference between men and women, and how does the genotype play a role in determining gender?
The basic difference between men and women lies in their genotype, with one pair of chromosomes (XY or XX) determining male or female gender. Early psychologists explored the genetic basis of aggression, focusing on the Y chromosome.
Who were the individuals with the XYY genotype, and what did Court-Brown (1965) find regarding their likelihood of aggressive behaviour?
Court-Brown (1965) studied individuals with the XYY genotype, known as ‘super males’ due to having two Y chromosomes. He suggested their increased likelihood of aggressive behaviour and recommended hospitalisation.
How has recent psychological research used selective breeding in animals to support the genetic explanation of aggression?
Selective breeding in animals supports the genetic explanation as it indicates that aggression is a trait that can be transmitted from parent to offspring.
What specific advances in genetic testing have identified genes linked to aggression, and what is the significance of the MAOA gene?
Human twin studies, comparing monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (non-identical) twins, suggest a genetic element in aggression. Differences in concordance rates between these twin sets indicate the role of genetics.
What have advances in genetic testing identified when it comes to genes and aggression?
That there are specific genes linked to aggression.
What is the significance of the MAOA gene?
The MAOA gene, responsible for monoamine oxidase production, has a variant called the ‘warrior gene.’ Dysfunction in this gene can lead to an accumulation of neurotransmitters, affecting the fight or flight response.
How does the MAOA gene influence the production of neurotransmitters?
The MAOA gene controls the production of monoamine oxidase, which metabolizes neurotransmitters like noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine.
What happens when there is dysfunction in the MAOA gene?
Dysfunction in this gene can lead to an excess of adrenaline, causing hypersensitivity in the fight or flight response. Elevated dopamine levels are also linked to aggressive behaviour.
What role does serotonin play in controlling impulsive behaviour, and how does reduced serotonin levels relate to a lack of control over impulsive behaviour?
Serotonin, with its calming influence, plays a role in controlling impulsive behaviour. Reduced levels of serotonin have been implicated in a lack of control over impulsive behaviour, contributing to the understanding of aggression.
What is dopamine’s link with aggressive behaviour?
High levels of dopamine increase the likelihood of experiencing feelings of reward when aggression is carried out.
What is serotonins link with impulsive behaviour?
Low levels of serotonin result in a lack of inhibition over impulsive behaviour.
What do high levels of noradrenaline lead to?
High levels of noradrenaline lead to an overreaction to perceived threats.
