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Science Year 10 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Allele

A

a variant form of a gene which can result in different traits or characteristics for a specific gene

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2
Q

Dominant Allele

A

a variation of a gene that is always shown in the phenotype, it masks the expression of the recessive allele

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3
Q

Recessive allele

A

a variant form of a gene that is only shown in the phenotype type when two copies of it are present

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4
Q

Genotype

A

someones unique sequence of DNA also known as the genetic makeup of an organism e.g TT, Tt, tt

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical appearance of an organism, e.g height, eye colour and blood type

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6
Q

Heterozygous

A

a genotype in which an individual has two different alleles (one dominant, one recessive)

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7
Q

Homozygous

A

a genotype in which an individual has two of the same alleles (two dominant or two recessive)

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8
Q

Homozygous dominant symbol

A

BB

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9
Q

Heterozygous symbol

A

Bb

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10
Q

Homozygous recessive symbol

A

bb

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Pedigree

A

a flow chart representing the passing down of genes - square represents male, circle represents female

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12
Q

Mitosis and Meiosis

A

two types of cell division

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12
Q

Mitosis

A

two genetically identical daughter cells responsible for repairing and growing new body cells

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13
Q

Meiosis

A

four genetically different daughter cells responsible for reproduction (create egg and sperm cells)

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14
Q

Heritable characteristics

A

traits or features that are passed from parent to child during the process of reproduction

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15
Q

Genes

A

the basic unit of heredity that is passed from parent to child. Genes are a segment of DNA that determine an organism’s traits and characteristics.

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16
Q

Chromosomes

A

a structure found inside the nucleus of a cell - you have 23 pairs of chromosomes (half from mum, half from dad) - chromosomes look like an x

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17
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

You get one sex chromosome from each parent. XY = biologically male. XX = biologically female.

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18
Q

DNA - deoxyribose nucleic acid

A

a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information and determines the characteristics of every living organism

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19
Q

What are the key properties of DNA?

A

Self-copying ability and information carrier

20
Q

Basic structure of DNA

A

double helix

21
Q

DNA replication

A

the process of making two identical copies of a double-stranded DNA molecule when a cell divides, ensuring that the new cells carry the same genetic information as the parent cell

22
Q

DNA replication steps

A
  1. Seperation
  2. Priming
  3. Assembly
23
Q

Seperation

A

Helicase unwinds double helix

24
Q

Priming

A

Primase gets the area ready for replication

25
Q

Assembly

A

DNA polymerase builds a new DNA strand following the rules of complementary base pairing

26
Q

DNA base pairing

A

Bases only pair in a specific structure
Adenine (A) with Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) with Cytosine (C)
This is called complementary base pairing.

27
Q

Nucleotides

A

The DNA molecule is made from repeating units called nucleotides.

28
Q

The three parts of nucleotides

A
  1. A phosphate group
  2. A deoxyribose sugar
  3. One of four different nitrogenous bases: A - Adenine, T - Thymine, C - Cytosine and G - Guanine
    This phosphate and deoxyribose sugar form the backbone or sides of the DNA ladder. The bases form the rungs or steps of the ladder
29
Q

Antibiotic Resistance

A

If there are bacteria present in a colony that are resistant to antibiotics, they will survive and reproduce very quickly while those not resistant will die (natural selection). This produces more and more antibiotic-resistant bacteria

30
Q

Antibiotics

A

Antibiotics prevent the growth of or kill microorganisms

31
Q

Resistance of bacteria

A

Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics by a mutation or picking up the gene from another bacterium. If you use antibiotics safely you can slow resistance down.

32
Q

What are reproductive technologies?

A

Practices or procedures that help organisms produce offspring

33
Q

Examples of reproductive technologies

A

Artificial pollination, artificial insemination, in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and cloning.

34
Q

Artificial pollination

A

A human-driven process designed to transfer pollen from the male reproductive structures (anthers) of one flower to the female reproductive structures (stigma) of another flower

35
Q

Artificial insemination

A

The deliberate introduction of sperm into a female’s uterus. A sperm fertilises an egg in the female reproductive tract as it would with normal copulation.

36
Q

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

A

A reproductive technology that allows many couples to have babies that otherwise would not be able to. Normally sperm fertilise an egg inside a woman’s body. This is ‘in vivo fertilisation’.

37
Q

Cloning

A

Cloning is the process of creating genetically identical organisms (called clones). Some clones are naturally occurring. Organisms that reproduce asexually are clones of each other.

38
Q

Mutations

A

a change in the DNA sequence of an organism

39
Q

How do mutations occur?

A

gene code changes → cells get wrong message → cells make wrong protein or no protein → cells not functioning

40
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells - don’t have a specific structure or function and have the potential to be all different cells in your body.
Important role in tissue development, growth and repair - replace worn out cells when they die
They can develop into specialised cells (muscle cells, blood cells, brain cells).

41
Q

Adult stem cells

A

found in various tissues in the body and are generally already specialised - found in certain tissues

42
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

unspecialised and can develop into any cell type - found in developing embryos

43
Q

Issues around stem cells

A

Some view the early-stage embryo as having a moral status, equating it to a potential human life and can be used for cloning, expensive and experimental

44
Q

Benefits of stem cells

A

therapeutic benefit e.g cancer, diabetes and can grow organs (good for organ transplant)

45
Q

Issues around cloning

A

Cloning is expensive and not effective and many cloned organisms have serious health problems and age prematurely

46
Q

Benefits of cloning

A

Help prevent extinction of species

47
Q

Parts of the female reproductive system

A

ovaries, ova/eggs, fallopian tube, uterus, endometrium, cervix and vagina

48
Q

Parts of the female reproductive system

A

penis, sperm, testes, testosterone, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, epididymis, urethra, scrotum and vas deferens

Science Year 10 (6 decks)

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