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10 Science > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe DNA (structure, location, function).

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid
  • blueprint for controlling the characteristics of an organism.
  • located in the nucleus.
  • double helix structure.
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2
Q

Describe the structure of a nucleotide.

A
  • Consists of:
  • a phosphate
  • pentose sugar
  • nitrogenous base
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3
Q

Describe nitrogenous bases.

A
  • Each base will only bond with one other specific base.
  • Known as complementary base pairing.
  • Guanine –> Cytosine
  • Adenine –> Thymine
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4
Q

Describe the significance of the sequence of nitrogen bases.

A

The sequence of nitrogen bases along a strand of DNA is the basis of all inherited traits.

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5
Q

Define chromosomes (structure and number).

A
  • an organised length of DNA found in the nucleus of cells.
  • thread-like structure
  • different organisms have different number of chromosomes. Humans cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
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6
Q

Describe autosomes.

A
  • Any chromosome (numbered 1-22 in humans) that is not a sex cell.
  • Control the inheritance of all non-sex linked characteristics.
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7
Q

Describe sex chromosomes.

A
  • chromosomes that determine the biological sex of an organism.
  • females XX
  • males XY
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8
Q

Describe somatic cells.

A
  • all body cells that are not sex cells
  • diploid: contain two sets sets of cells (2h) one from each parent.
  • 46 chromosomes.
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9
Q

Describe sex cells.

A
  • gametes/sexual reproduction cells.
  • sprem + egg
  • haploid: contain single set of chromosomes (n).
  • 23 chromosomes.
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10
Q

Describe homologous chromosomes + criteria.

A

chromosomes occur as homologous pairs in body cells.
criteria for homologous pairs:
- same size and length
- same centromere position
- same genes at same gene loci.

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11
Q

Describe the purpose of a karyotype.

A
  • a karyotype is an image of all chromosomes organised in their homologous pairs.
  • numbered by size from largest to smallest.
  • help determine genetic disorders and the biological sex of an organism.
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12
Q

Describe fertilisation.

A
  • fertilisation is the fusion of the nuclei of male and female gametes.
  • produces a zygote which matures into an embryo.
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13
Q

Describe the process of meiosis.

A
  • the process of cell division to produce gametes.
  • a single diploid parent cell divides twice to produce four haploid gamete cells.
  • genetic information is passed on to offspring via haploid gametes.
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14
Q

Describe dominant/recessive inheritance.

A
  • inherited on an autosome
  • two possible alleles
  • dominant alleles (GG)
  • recessive alleles (gg)
  • homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals will always display dominant phenotype.
  • recessive phenotype can only be observed in homozygous recessive individuals.
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15
Q

What is a carrier?

A

Heterozygous individuals that have an allele but does not display it.

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16
Q

Define Genotype.

A

The alleles carried by an organism. E.g., gg,

17
Q

Define Phenotype.

A

The observable characteristics of an individual. E.g., brown fur.

18
Q

Describe punnet squares.

A

Show possible offspring based off parents genotypes.

19
Q

Describe co-dominance inheritance.

A
  • inherited on an autosome
  • both alleles are dominant (GH)
  • no carriers
  • both phenotypes are displayed.
  • e.g. a white bunny (WW) and a black bunny (BB) produce a bunny with black and white spots (WB).
20
Q

Describe incomplete dominance inheritance.

A
  • inherited on an autosome
  • both alleles dominant
  • no carriers
  • a mixture or intermediate between two phenotypes is displayed.
  • e.g a white bunny (WW) and a black bunny (BB) produce a grey bunny (WB).
21
Q

Describe a pedigree chart.

A
  • Shows the inheritance and appearance of traits.
  • A trait that skips a generation must be recessive.
  • a trait that appears in every generation is most likely dominant.
22
Q

Define Gene.

A

A sequence of DNA organised into short sections on chromosomes which codes for a particular trait.

23
Q

Define Allele.

A

Different variations of a gene that occupy the same locus on a gene.

10 Science (5 decks)

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