Genetics Flashcards
The term mitosis coined by
Walther Flemming
Spontaneous radioactivity was discovered by
Becquerel
Glycolysis take place in?
Cytoplasm
The metal atom present in chlorophyll is?
Magnesium (Mg)
Bacterial genes lack (introns/exons)
Introns
For clearing oil spills, which microorganism is used?
Pseudomonas putida
Crop preservation is done with liquid nitrogen at temperature of
-196 degree Celsius
Plants which keep their stomata open during night for taking CO2 are known as
CAM plants to minimize transpiration
Which of the following crops has the largest area under transgenic globally ?
Soybean
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer is only effective for (monocots/dicots)
Dicots
The DNA replicating enzyme in bacteria is
DNA Polymerase III
It contain colorless and are associated with storage starch protein and fat
Leucoplasts
Lock and key model was proposed by
Emil Fischer
_________ deals with the control of several inherited human diseases, especially inborn errors of metabolism in which the missing or defective enzyme has been identified
Euphenics
The defective copies of normal genes are known as
Pseudogene is a segment of DNA that structurally resembles a gene but is not capable of coding for a protein.
Ratio of the genetic variance to the total variance, which determines the relationship between phenotype and genotype is known as
Heritability
High heritability values of 0.5 mean that on average half of the differences among phenotypes of animals are genetic
The bond between sugar and nitrogenous base in case of DNA is known as?
N-glycosidic bond
The phenomenon of linkage was first observed by
Bateson and Punnet in 1906 in sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus)
For corrections of defects in any popular variety ___________ method is used.
Backcross method
Which method is used for nuclear seed production of pure line varieties?
Mass selection
Varieties produced by open pollination among number of outstanding strains which usually not tested for combining ability with each other
Composite varieties
Term gene pool was coined by
Theodosius Dobzhansky
Plants showing less than _____% of outcrossing are known as self fertilizing plants.
5%
Source of male sterility in sorghum
Kaffir - 60
Common crop of natural autotetraploid grown in India is
Potato
Variety resistant to more than 1 race of pathogen
Horizontal resistance
Father of plant tissue culture
Haberland
Theory of epigenesis was given by
Wolf
Synthesis of progesterone and testosterone is associated with
Smooth ER
Term chromosome was given by
Waldeyer
Enzyme present in lysosome
Acid phosphatase
Plasma membrane consists of _____% proteins and ____% lipids
Almost equal to 60% lipids and 40% proteins
RNA synthesis occurs in
Nucleolus
RNA was 1st synthesized by
Severo Ochoa de Albornoz
Site of electron transport is
Mitochondria
Layer of cell wall made up of pectin is
Middle lamella
Characters which are expressed in one sex only
Sex limited
Physical chromosomal exchange i.e crossing over takes place in
Pachytene
Chemical found effective in inducing male sterility in bajra and barley is
Ethidium bromide
Bacteriophages are _____ virus
ss DNA virus
In which stage of meiosis chromosome condensation occurs so that they are visible fine threads formed as a structure of bouquets?
Leptotene
Organelle involved in photorespiration
Peroxisomes
Physical basis for life is
Protoplasm
Closest form of inbreeding possible in self incompatible species is
Sib mating
Fluid mosaic model was given by
Singer and Nicholson
___________ are important cytological tools for mapping genes
Deletions
Total variability present within and among species of all living organisms
Biodiversity
Multiple alleles show crossing over. True or false
False. There is no crossing over
F1 is superior to both the parents
Heterobeltiosis
Rye is
Autotetraploid
Ratio exhibited in complementary gene action
9:7
Crossing of F1 with its recessive parent
Test cross
Histones constitute about ________% of total chromosomal proteins
80%
Down syndrome is also known as
Mangolism
Isolating and process of producing identical copies of gene is known as
Gene cloning
Trisomy of Chromosome 21 leads to
Down Syndrome
Double monosomy condition is indicated as
2n - 1 - 1
Cross between an inbred line and OPV is known as
Top cross
________ leads to addition of some genes in population
Duplication
Autopolyploids show an increase in vigour and size is known as
Gigantism
Chromosome number can be counted with relative ease during _______ phase of mitosis
Metaphase
RNA that carries the AA to site of protein synthesis
tRNA
1st case of cytoplasmic inheritance was reported in
Mirabilis jalapa
Common method to detect linkage
Test cross
Example of non ionizing radiation
UV rays
First interspecific hybridization was developed by
Thomas Fairchild
Most abundant chemical present in cell wall
Lignin
What is cistron, muton and recon?
The cistron (unit of function) begin with initiation codon and ends with a terminating codon. Each cistron is responsible for coding one m-RNA molecule
Recon : It is a unit of recombination. It is the smallest unit capable of recombining
genetically.
Muton : It is a unit of mutation. The shortest chromosomal unit capable of
undergoing mutation
The smallest unit of genetic material that can not be divided but is interchangeable among units refers to
Recon
This is the practice of mating of animals within the same breed but having no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generations.
Out crossing
GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee) is an apex body, it is functioning under which ministry?
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC).
Flowers do not open at all ensuring complete self pollination
Cleistogamy
For differentiation of cellular components, which microscope is used?
Fluorescence microscopy or UV micropscope
Range of IR in nm is
> 700 nm
Conversion of spermatid into spermatozoa is
Spermiogenesis
The process of synthesis of messenger RNA from a DNA template is known as
transcription
Essential amino acids
Tryptophan, threonine, histidine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, methionine, leucine, lysine
Mnemonic [Try THis VIP MaLL]
Come from diet
Part of chromosome after secondary constriction
Satellite chromosome (SAT chromosome).
The concept of plant ideotype was first given by?
Donald
______ is the progeny of single homozygous plant
Pureline
Ratio of epistatic gene interaction is
12:3:1
CGMS line used in which of the following crops?
Maize, sorghum, onion, sugarbeet, pearl millet
Presence of B line plants in A line are called
Pollen shedders
Who invented the gene gun?
John Sanford
Process in which seeds are formed but embryos develop without fertilization
Apomixis
Transgenic crops are produced by ____ mediated gene transfer
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation
- Animals have shorter chromosome than plants.
- Dicots have shorter chromosome than monocots.
Both are true
- Arm ratio of chromosome is the ratio of shorter(p) and longer(q) arm.
- Chromosomal Arm ratio ranges from 0-1 depending upon the position of centromere.
- Arm ratio for metacentric chromosome is one. Select correct statement (s) among them?
Only 3 is correct
Arm ratio (L/S ratio) is the ratio of longer arm to shorter arm. Its values can range from 1 (if S = L) to +∞ (the limit for S = 0)
- Centromeric region contains highly repetitive SAT-DNA which forms minor band under CsCl ultracentrifugation.
- Centromeric region starts replicating in late S phase.
- Change in the position of specific genes leads to different centromeric position
1 and 2 are correct
Position of centromere is constant in a given chromosome
- The position of secondary constriction in SAT- chromosome is fixed and remains constant.
- Somatic cells of human beings contains 10 pairs of SAT-chromosome
- SAT chromosomes are also know as NORs How many statements are correct?
Only 1 is true
There are 5 pairs of SAT chromosomes
SATs contain NORs. (Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) are chromosomal regions crucial for the formation of the nucleolus)
- Diagrammatic representation of karyotype is known as idiotype.
- Karyotype is the photographic representation of chromosomes.
- Karyotype provides more information than idiotype.
Only 2 is correct
Diagrammatic representation of karyotype is called Ideogram.
Ideotype provides more information as we can see the genetic abnormalities
Assertion (A): Heterochromatin replicates later than euchromatin.
Reason(R): Heterochromatin have very low gene densities and genetic recombination is greatly reduced in this region.
Both are true but R is not the correct explanation for A
Assertion (A): Paranemic coiling is observed during meiotic prophase.
Reason (R): During meiosis, crossing over and genetic recombination takes place.
Both are true but R is not the correct explanation for A
Plectonemic coiling occurs in mitosis and Paranemic coiling occurs in meiosis.
Arrange the following stages of cell division in descending order of duration
A. Prophase B. Telophase C. Metaphase D. Anaphase
ACBD
RNA and formation of condensin proteins are synthesized during which stage of Prophase 1?
Fungi
In organisms undergoing an open mitosis, the NPC is disassembled along with the nuclear envelope, and therefore nuclear transport does not occur during open mitoses. However, in organisms undergoing a closed mitosis, the NPC must still function as a conduit between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
The operon concept was developed on
E.coli
The journal of genetics was founded by
W. Bateson and R. C. Punnett in 1910
Mating of a cross breed back to one of the pure parent is known as?
Backcrossing
Genes for the different characteristics may be transferred simultaneously in a single backcross programme?
Simultaneous transfer
Off season nurseries and green houses cannot be used to advance generation in which method
Bulk method
Self incompatibility term coined by _________ In 1917
Stout
Self incompatibility and male sterility first reported by
Koelreuter
In a linkage map or chromosome map a map unit is also known as
Centimorgan
Ti plasmid used in genetic engineering is obtained from
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Which chromosome aberration will produce pseudo-dominance?
Pseudodominance is a scenario that occurs when recessive traits act as dominant traits in an inheritance pattern. It occurs due to the deletion of the dominant allele.
The sum total of unfavorable recessive genes of an species is known as
Genetic load
The sum total of all the genes present in a population is known as
Gene pool
Protected areas of great genetic diversity under natural conditions are called
Gene sanctuary
SSR F2 ratio
1:2:1
Systematic hybridization on a scientific basis begin with the work
Koelreuter-Nicotiana.
Nicotiana paniculata and N. rustica
Mass pedigree selection method of breeding is particularly, useful for improvement of _______ pollinated crops
Self pollinated
Self-compatibility is helpful in the development of
Pure line variety
Which DNA markers can be used to distinguish between a homozygote and heterozygote ?
Co-dominant markers like RFLP, SSR, STS, STMS
A Lod score of 3 represents a Recombination Frequency (RF) that is:
3 is translated roughly into about 1,000-to-one odds that this gene really is linked to this disease as opposed to the alternative hypothesis which is unlinked ie 1000 times as likely as the hypothesis of no linkage. LOD (“log of the odds,”) LOD score actually refers to a numerical result when estimating whether two genes, or a gene and a disease, are linked to one another. LOD score has to be above 3.
RNA interference involves
silencing of mRNA using complementary double stranded RNA
Method of cellular defense in eukaryotes.
Which vectors is used to replace the defective gene in gene therapy?
Adenovirus vectors
Which wheat line has complete set of monosomic and nullisomic available?
Chinese Spring
UV rays have mutagenic action through
Dimer formation and Deamination
How many different types of transversions are possible?
8
Four possible transitions and eight possible transversions
Most abundant molecular marker in genome
SNP
Which marker is widely used in constructing genetic linkage maps , and germplasm analysis in plant?
SSR
If chromosome a and b gets mutated at the sites recognized by restriction enzymes which leads to variation in length of restriction fragments, such variation leads to generation of which molecular marker?
RFLP
Three or more forms of genes occupying a single locus on the same chromosome are called a
Multiple alleles
Which of the following country developed first Hybrid variety of Rice?
China
Intergenic suppression involves mutation in
tRNA
It is suppression of mutation in one gene due to mutation in another gene, can be achieved mainly due to alteration in transfer RNA (tRNA)
Which one of the following microscopic techniques can be used to study the contour of proteins?
AFM
Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
The discourse of the similarities between the parents and the progeny and difference among the individuals is called as
Genetics
The study of various aspects of chromosomes and their effect on development of characters of organisms is called as
Cytogenetics
The gene _____ qualifies as tumor suppressor
p53 gene like the Rb (retinoblastoma) gene, is a tumor suppressor gene, i.e., its activity stops the formation of tumors.
If a person inherits only one functional copy of the p53 gene from their parents, they are predisposed to cancer
Elaboration of cell theory called as Cell Lineage theory is given by
Rudolf Virchow
Which spore arrangement is observed in Neurospora in absence of crossing over between a gene and its centromere
4:4
Crossing over between centromere and gene at four strand stage leads to 2 A : 2a : 2A : 2a or 2a : 4A : 2a arrangement. This means that reductional division is followed by equational division.
A segment of more than 500 kb devoid of protein coding gene is known as
Gene desert
Empty protein coat phage particles are known as
Ghost phages
Who disproved theory of acquired characters?
August Weismann
In 1902, chromosomal theory of inheritance was give by
Sutton and Boveri
Who gave preformation theory?
Swammerdam and Bonnet
Statement 1: Term gene was coined by Bateson.
Statement 2: Factor term for gene was given by Mendel.
Statement 1 is wrong
Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word ‘gene’
Name the paper presented by Mendel before Natural History Society of Brunn in 1865
“Experiments in Plant Hybridization,”
Suppose the gene B code for blue color in egg
(1) 6 out of 10 is blue and 4 are white
(2) out of 10, three are dark blue , 3 are light blue, 3 are medium blue, 1 is blue.
For given conditions, what does 1 and 2 represent:
Penetrance and expressivity
Penetrance is the percentage of animals of a specific genotype who express the phenotype associated with that underlying genotype. Expressivity refers to the degree that a particular genotype is expressed as a phenotype within an individual.
Coupling and repulsion term given by
Bateson
What chemical promotes recombination?
Mitomycin C
Who proved experimentally that the exchange of segment take place between homologous chromosomes?
Curt Stern
Who proposed chiasma type theory for relationship between chiasma and crossing over?
Janssens
The gene encodes DNA pol 2
polB (a.k.a. dinA) gene.
Processive enzyme
DNA pol delta and DNA pol epsilon
(DNA pol delta is processive only when HeLa proliferating cell nuclear antigen is present, whereas DNA pol epsilon is quite processive in its absence)
Processivity is defined as the ability of DNA polymerase to carry out continuous DNA synthesis on a template DNA without frequent dissociation
- Haldane distance considers presence of interference
- Kosambi mapping function permits absence of interference
Both are false
Haldane’s mapping function assumes absence of interference between crossovers in meiosis, whereas Kosambi’s mapping function assumes a certain degree of interference
In cytokinesis cell plate forms
Center toward the cell walls
Which of the following is incorrect about genetic drift
1. It is directional force
2. Significant in large population
3. Founder effect is a special case
4. Change allelic frequency in the population
1 and 2
1 - non-directional and non-adaptive, i. e. the genes of a small population changes irrespective of selective advantages or disadvantages.
2 - occurs in all populations of non-infinite size, but its effects are strongest in small populations.
Balbiani rings
Sites of particularly active RNA synthesis on the polytene chromosomes of Chironomids
The lacI gene of E. coli functions as
Lactose repressor (LacI) regulates the transport and metabolism pathways simultaneously
Principle of local control is not applied in
CRD
Randomised Block Design is used when fertilility variation is in _____ direction
One
Transcription initiation starts with the assembly of
Inititator Inr, multi-subunit transcription factor II D (TFIID) binds to the TATA box
TFllD role is
Transcription initiation by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (Pol II)
Eukaryotic mRNA has a peculiar enzymatically appended cap structure consisting of 7- methyl guanosine residue via ____________ linkage
5′-5′ triphosphate linkage to the mRNA to
Choose incorrect statement
1. Group I intron causes homing
2. Group II intron cause retro homing
3. In group II intron splicing, reactive A in the intron sequence is the attaching group
4. 4. In group II intron splicing, exon and lariat intermediate is generated
None of the above
