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Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is heredity?

A

The passing of traits from parent to offpspring.

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2
Q

What is genetics?

A

The study of heredity.

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3
Q

How things get passed from one generation to the next is called what?

A

Genetics

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4
Q

What is a trait?

A

Inherited characteristics that an organism has.

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5
Q

Can traits have lots of variation?

A

Yes (eye color, hair color)

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6
Q

Can traits only have a couple forms?

A

Yes (hairlines, earlobes, freckles, dimples)

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7
Q

What was Gregor Mendel’s nickname?

A

Father of Modern Genetics

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8
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A

An Austrian Monk

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9
Q

What did Gregor Mendel work with?

A

Pea plants

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10
Q

What did Gregor Mendel do with his observations?

A

Made calculations based off of them

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11
Q

Why did Gregor Mendel use pea plants for his experiments?

A

Because there’s only two possiblilites for each trait.

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12
Q

What’s a dominant gene?

A

A gene that covers up or masks the other gene.

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13
Q

When do dominant genes show up?

A

Always

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14
Q

What’s a recessive gene?

A

A gene that gets covered up by the dominant gene.

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15
Q

When do recessive genes show up?

A

Only when there are two copies.

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16
Q

What’s are alleles?

A

Different forms of a gene.

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17
Q

What are alleles represented with?

A

Capital and lowercase letters.

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18
Q

What’s a genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an organism.

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19
Q

What are these examples of? TT, Pp, hh, Kk

A

Genotypes

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20
Q

What’s a phenotype?

A

The observable trait of a gene.

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21
Q

What are these examples of? Height, color

A

Phenotypes

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22
Q

What determines what?

A

Genotypes determine phenotypes

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23
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Different alleles, hybrid

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24
Q

What genotype is this an example of? Rr

A

Heterozygous

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25
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Same alleles, pure

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26
Q

What genotype are these examples of? RR, rr

A

Homozygous

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27
Q

What type of genotype is this? TT

A

Homozygous Dominant

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28
Q

What type of genotype is this? Tt

A

Heterozygous

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29
Q

What type of genotype is this? tt

A

Homozygous Recessive

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30
Q

What is a Punnet Square?

A

A tool used to predict the genetic possibilities for offspring.

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31
Q

Where do the parent’s genotypes go on a Punnet Square?

A

One parent’s genotypes go on the side and one parent’s genotypes go on the top.

32
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Heterozygous individuals have an in-between phenotype compared to the parents.

33
Q

What inheritance pattern is this an example of? Red*White=Pink

A

Incomplete Dominance

34
Q

What is codominance?

A

Heterozygous individuals have both phenotypes show up.

35
Q

What inheritance pattern is this an example of? Red*White=Red and White

A

Codominance

36
Q

What is polygenic inheritance?

A

Many genes work together to code for a trait.

37
Q

Polygenic inheritance has lots of what?

A

Phenotypes

38
Q

Eye color, hair color, skin color, and nose shape is an example of what inheritance pattern?

A

Polygenic Inheritance

39
Q

What is multiple alleles?

A

A trait is controlled by more than 2 alleles.

40
Q

What’s an example of multiple alleles?

A

Blood types: A, B, O

41
Q

What can affect phenotypes?

A

The Environment

42
Q

What environmental factor can affect the color of hydrangea plants?

A

Acidity of the soil.

43
Q

What environmental factor can affect the color of butterflies?

A

Temperature during metamorphosis.

44
Q

What environmental factor can affect the coloration of Siamese cats?

A

Temperature of areas on the body.

45
Q

What environmental factor can affect the health of humans?

A

Diet and exercise.

46
Q

What and what factors affect phenotypes?

A

Genetic and environmental.

47
Q

Nature vs. Nurture is an example of what?

A

Environment affecting phenotypes.

48
Q

What’s a pedigree?

A

A chart that shows how traits are passed through genetics.

49
Q

What’s a carrier?

A

Heterozygous and can pass the gene on but doesn’t show the trait.

50
Q

Is eye color, height, a zebra’s stripes, and nose shape inherited or acquired?

A

Inherited

51
Q

Is knowing how to ride a bike, a bird’s ability to fly, a scar on your forehead, the ability to sing well, and the ability to speak a language inherited or acquired?

A

Acquired

52
Q

What are epigenetics?

A

The study of how behavior and environment affect how genes work.

53
Q

What’s complete dominance?

A

When one phenotype completely covers up the other.

54
Q

TT and tt are both considered what type of genotype?

A

Homozygous

55
Q

Which of the following is homozygous dominant? AA, Tt, Hh, rr

A

AA

56
Q

What does hetero mean in the word heterozygous?

A

Different

57
Q

In pea plants, purple flowers are dominant over white flowers. What is the genotype of a purple flower?

A

PP and Pp

58
Q

Which of the following is a phenotype? Blue eyes, BB, homozygous, or Bb

A

Blue eyes

59
Q

A pea plant with yellow seeds is crossed with a pea plant with green seeds. All of the offspring are yellow. What trait is recessive?

A

Green seeds

60
Q

Using the letter A, write the correct way to express a heterozygous genotype.

A

Aa

61
Q

Using the letter A, write the correct way to express a homozygous recessive genotype.

A

aa

62
Q

Why do genotypes consist of 2 alleles?

A

Because you get one from each parent.

63
Q

How many genes are needed to cause a trait?

A

2

64
Q

If an organism has two alleles that are the same, it is considered what?

A

Homozygous

65
Q

If a heterozygous person is crossed with a homozygous recessive person, what are the chances that they will have a child that is heterozygous?

A

50%

66
Q

Tongue rolling (R) is dominant over non-tongue rolling (r). What is the genotype of a homozygous recessive person? (assume complete dominance)

A

rr

67
Q

On a pedigree, what do squares represent?

A

Males

68
Q

If a homozygous black guinea pig (BB) is crossed with a homozygous white guinea pig (bb), what is the probability that an offspring will have black fur?

A

100%

69
Q

What’s another term for heterozygous?

A

Hybrid

70
Q

What’s another term for homozygous?

A

Purebred

71
Q

The study of how traits are inherited through the interaction of alleles is called what?

A

Genetics

72
Q

What does it mean if someone is a carrier for a disorder?

A

They have one allele for the trait, but do not show the phenotype. (Heterozygous for a recessive disorder)

73
Q

An organism that has two recessive or two dominant alleles is said to be what for that trait?

A

Homozygous

74
Q

Dad is colorblind and Mom is not. How is it possible that a daughter has colorblindness?

A

Mom is a carrier for colorblindness.

75
Q

Why do males get sex-linked disorders more often than females?

A

They have one X and one Y chromosome. If a gene is carried on one of those, there is no other chromosome to cover up the trait.

76
Q

The genotype for a female is what?

A

XX

77
Q

The genotype for a male is what?

A

XY

Life Science (5 decks)

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