Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Abiotic Factor

A

Non-living environmental factor, such as temperature, pH, humidity, carbon dioxide concentration

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2
Q

Acetylation

A

Addition of an acetyl group COCH3

One of several histone modifications that can control transcription

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3
Q

Addition

A

Type of gene mutation in which a base is added, causing a frame shift in one direction so that many codons are changed

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4
Q

Adult stem cell

A

Multipotent cells found only in specific adult tissues, including bone marrow, that can only nature into limited number of cell types

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5
Q

Autosome

A

Any chronosome that is not a sex-determining chromosome

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6
Q

In meiosis, why do X and Y chromosomes pair up differently

A

Don’t form a typical bivalent
X and Y are different sizes and shapes and lengths
Chromatids are unable to line up and firm bivalent because most of the length is not homologous and short pairing region

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7
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein

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8
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic constitution of an organism

All the alleles it possesses

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9
Q

Genepool

A

All the alleles within an interbreeding population at a specific time

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10
Q

Population

A

All the individuals of the same species that occupy the same area at the same time

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

The expression of observable characteristics of an organisms genotype and its interaction with its environment

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12
Q

Locus

A

The position of a gene on a chromosome

Different alleles for same gene are found in same loci on homologous chromosomes

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13
Q

Homozygous

A

Most organisms are diploid

Having two copies of the same allele of a gene

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14
Q

Heterozygous

A

Most organisms are diploid
Having two different copies of an allele of a gene
Usually phenotype isn’t a mixture of them both and one is expressed in it only

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15
Q

Dominant allele

A

Always expressed in the phenotype regardless of being homozygous or heterozygous

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16
Q

Recessive allele

A

Only expressed in the phenotype if genotype is homozygous

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17
Q

Codominant allele

A

Equally expressed within the phenotype

18
Q

Diploid

A

Adult stem cells (somatic) are usually diploid
Two copies of a gene
Can be same of different (homozygous or heterozygous)

19
Q

Genetic cross

A

Diagrams that show the way in which alleles are inherited from one generation to the next
Allele represented by a letter
Dominant = Uppercase
Recessive = Lowercase

20
Q

Expected phenotype offspring for monohybrid (heterozygous parents)

A

3:1

21
Q

Expected phenotype offspring for codominance (heterozygous parents)

A

1:2:1

22
Q

Expected phenotype offspring for dihybrid (heterozygous parents)

A

9:3:3:1

23
Q

Expected phenotype offspring for epistasis (heterozygous parents)

A

9:4:3
15:1
9:7
Ratio adds up to 16 but not 9:3:3:1

24
Q

Expected phenotype offspring for autosomal linkage (heterozygous parents)

A

3:1 if there is no crossing over
4:4:1:1 due to formation of recombinant alleles
4 phenotypes not showing 9:3:3:1

25
Q

Haploid

A

Only one copy of a gene

Gametes produced from meiosis to prepare for fertilisation in sexual reproduction

26
Q

Hardy Weinberg equations

A

P+q=1

P2+2Pq+q2=1

27
Q

P+q=1
P?
q?

A

Frequency of the dominant allele

Frequency of the recessive allele

28
Q

P2+2Pq+q2=1
P2?
2Pq?
q2?

A

Frequency of the homozygous dominant individuals
Frequency of the heterozygous individuals
Frequency of the homozygous recessive individuals

29
Q

Hardy Weinberg principle predicts…

A

The allelic frequencies of a particular gene from one generation to the next will remain constant
Providing there is no migration, gene mutations or selection

30
Q

Hardy Weinberg assumes…

A
No migration (isolated gene pool no gene flow in/out)
No random gene mutations
No selection for or against allele

Population size is large
Mating/fertilisation should be random

31
Q

Monohybrid Inheritance

A

Inheritance of a single gene that determines a single characteristic

32
Q

Order when working through breeding individuals

A
Phenotype
Genotype
Gametes circles
Cross
Genotypes
Genotype ratio
Phenotypes
Phenotype ratio
33
Q

Codominance (monohybrid)

A

No dominant/recessive relationship
Heterozygous individuals produce an intermediate phenotype
C^R and C^W

34
Q

Multiple alleles (monohybrid)

A

Several alleles in the population like black brown ginger blonde
H^b H^bl H^g etc

35
Q

Sex linked rules for dads and daughters to prove its not sex linked

A

If a daughter is affected
And father is not
And it is recessive
It is not sex linked

36
Q

Sex linked rules for mothers and sons to prove it is not sex linked

A

If son is affected
And mother is not
And it is dominant
Then it is not sex linked

37
Q

Crossing over

A

Prophase 1
Bivalent forms between 2 homologous chromosomes
Chiasmata and equal lengths of non sister chromatids exchanged
New recombinant alleles formed
5 to 10% only

38
Q

Genetic linkage

A

Tendency of genes located close to each other on the same chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis and appear in the same gamete

39
Q

Epistasis

A

Interaction between two genes where one allele affects/influences the expression of another
Can lead to graduation of a phenotype
Can occur in metabolic pathways

40
Q

Why isn’t the expected phenotypic ratio always observed

A
Random fertilisation of gametes
Small sample size
Linked genes, sex linkage
Epistasis
Lethal genotypes