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Biology > Genetic terms > Flashcards

Genetic terms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics

A

study of heredity and variation in organisms focusing on genes and the roles of DNA

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2
Q

Gene

A

specific regions of DNA that codes for proteins and often results in the visible traits or characteristics

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3
Q

chromosome

A

DNA and proteins twisted and folded together

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4
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

22 pairs of homolog chromosomes/ codes for the same genes

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5
Q

allele

A

the different forms that a gene can be EG: brown eyes or blue eyes

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6
Q

centromere

A

region of chromosome where sister chromatids are joined together

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7
Q

spindel fiber

A

move chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell during mitosis and meiosis

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8
Q

sister chromatid

A

identical copies of a single replicated chromosome

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9
Q

autosome/ autosomal

A

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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10
Q

sex chromosome

A

chromosome that determines the sex of an individual. Female XX Male XY

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11
Q

somatic cell

A

also known as a body cell. the function In reproduction and produce.

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12
Q

crossing over

A

exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromosomes

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13
Q

Diploid

A

two copies of every chromosome

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14
Q

Fertilization

A

fusion of male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote

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15
Q

Haploid

A

one copy of every chromosome

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16
Q

gamete

A

sex cells like sperm, eggs and ova.

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17
Q

meiosis

A

cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half

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18
Q

oogenesis

A

the process by which female gametes/ova are formed from germ cells the ovaries

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19
Q

spermatogenesis

A

the process where the male germ cell under go meiosis

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20
Q

zygote

A

diploid cell formed by the fusion of male and female gametes during fertilization

21
Q

trisomy

A

genetic condition characterized by the presence of an extra chromosome

22
Q

non- disjunction

A

failure of homologous chromosome to separate during cell division

23
Q

Karyotype

A

complete set of chromosomes in an individual

24
Q

cross

A

intentional breeding of two selected individuals.

25
Q

trait

A

specific characteristics of an feature of an organism

26
Q

dominant

A

express its trait in an organism even when only one copy is perestent

27
Q

recessive

A

the form of the gene when there is no dominant allele

28
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism consisting allele or variations

29
Q

phenotype

A

set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism

30
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a specific gene

31
Q

homozygous

A

having two identical alleles for a specific gene

32
Q

p generation

A

the initial group of organisms that are crossed

33
Q

F1 generation

A

first set of offspring resulting from a cross that occurs

34
Q

F2 generation

A

offspring from the crossbreeding of an organisms from the F1 generation

35
Q

Law of segergation

A

states during the formation of gametes
two alleles separate so that each gamete receives only one allele

36
Q

true/pure breeding

A

organisms that consistently produce offspring with the same phenotype as the parents.

37
Q

Chromosome theory of inheritance

A

genes on located chromosomes

38
Q

monohybrid cross

A

genetic cross between two organisms

39
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

genetic cross between 2 organisms that are both heterozygous

40
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

states that genes for different traits segregate during the formation of gametes

41
Q

Punnett square

A

a diagram used to predict the genotype and phenotype combination of offspring from a genetic cross

42
Q

test cross

A

genetic cross between an organism with a unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive organism.

43
Q

pedigree

A

the recorded ancestry, especially upper-class ancestry, of a person or family.

44
Q

codominance

A

a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual.

45
Q

continuous variation

A

where the different types of variations are distributed on a continuum

46
Q

incomplete dominance

A

a form of Gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype

47
Q

linked genes

A

genes carried on the same chromosome.

48
Q

polygenic trait

A

a characteristic, such as height or skin color, that is influenced by two or more genes

49
Q

sex- linked trait

A

characteristics (or traits) that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes

Biology (3 decks)

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