genetic screening

Question 1

genetic testin

Answer 1

1) changes in DNA
2) changes in chromosome
3) measure genetic changes, RNA analysis as an output of gene expression
4) biochemical analysis to measure protein output
—
tests available for more than 2000 genetic conditions

Question 2

history of genetic testing

Answer 2

1 )1950s, counting chromosomes per cell
- trisomy 21
- monosomy x
2) 70s stain chromosome banding to analyzed chromosome structure
- structural arrangements
3) present, analyze cytogenetics, molecular genetics and genomics
- changes at levels of individual genes, or even SNPs

Question 3

DCT genetic tests

Answer 3

1) direct to consumer
2) info about medical and non medical traits
3) ancestry, responses to medication, risk for developing conditions
4) cannot determine if you will get a disease
- should not be used alone to determine medical care

Question 4

reasons for genetic testing

Answer 4

1) learn whether you have a genetic condition that runs in your family
2) learn about chances a child will have it
3) diagnose a condition if you or child has symptoms
4) understand and guide cancer prevention
5) do not do it if it is NOT relevant to you

Question 5

categories of genetic tests

Answer 5

1) single gene testin
2) panel testing
3) large scale genetic or genomic testing
-
no single test can detect all genetic conditions

Question 6

single gene testing

Answer 6

1) changes in one gene
- duchene muscular dystrophy
- sickle cell

Question 7

panel testing

Answer 7

1) changes in many genes in one test
- breast cancer
- colon cancer

Question 8

large scale genetic testing

Answer 8

1) exon sequencing external icon
- whole exome or just genes related to medical conditions
1) genome sequencing external icon
- all person’s DNA

for complex medical histories

Question 9

types of genetic testing

Answer 9

1) cell free fetal DNA
- non invasive for fetus
- Down syndrome
2) newborn screening
- can identify genetic disorders to treat early in life
- congenital hypothyroidism
- must test for at least 21 disorders
3) diagnostic testing
- rule out a specific condition
- carrier testing
- cystic fibrosis
4) preimplantation genetic diagnosis
- human embryos prior to implantation as part of in vitro fertilization
5) prenatal diagnosis
- detect changes in fetus before birth

Question 10

predictive and presymptomatic genetic testing

Answer 10

1) test gene mutations that appear after birth
2) predictive testing identify mutations that increase changes of developing disorders
- cancers
- BRCA1 => 65% of breast cancer
3) presymptomatic testing can determine disorder before signs and symptoms occur
- hemochromatosis
4) half of men and 1/3 women will develop cancer in their lifetime
5) certain genetic variants can make risk of cancer higher than average

Question 11

pharmacogenomics

Answer 11

1) influence o genetic variation on drug response
- examine genetic makeup to determine what medicine and dosage is safest
2) 11 million SNPS in genomes in human
- response to certain drugs can be found in them

Question 12

non diagnostic testing

Answer 12

1) forensic testing
- DNA sequencing to identify individual
2) paternity testing
- DNA markers to identify inheritance patterns
3) genealogical DNA test
- genetic genealogy to determine ancestry
4) research testing
- to find unknown genes and how they work

Question 13

estonia

Answer 13

1) all residents offered genome wide genotyping
- personalized reports
2) healthier lifestyles and preventative drugs

Question 14

united states

Answer 14

1) genetic information nondiscrimination act
- cannot deny health coverage on the basis of genetic predisposition to developing a disease in the future
2) bars employers from using individuals genetic information for job decisions
3) passed by Goerge W Bush and US senate

Question 15

prenatal diagnosis

Answer 15

1) couples at high risk had to choose between taking risk, abortion, sterilization, adoption, or donor insemination
2) in 1960s, fetal medicine
- perform karyotype on unborn child
- detect abnormalities in fetus
3) 150,000 born in each year with birth defect in US

Question 16

prenatal testing can involve

Answer 16

1) blood tests
2) imaging
3) chromosome analysis
4) other genetic testing to assess health of mother and baby

Question 17

prenatal genetic screening and testing

Answer 17

1) Noninvasive

2) invasive

Question 18

noninvasive

Answer 18

• maternal serum
• cell free fetal DNA
• ultrasonography
• fetal MRI
• fetal echocardiography

Question 19

invasive

Answer 19

• amniocentesis (fluid, cells)
• chorionic villus sampling
  -fetoscopy (Blood, liver, skin, visual)

Question 20

maternal serum sreening

Answer 20

1) 16w of pregnancy
2) NTD, down syndrome, invorrect gestation age, fetal bleeding, multiple pregnancy, miscarriage, etc
3) biochemical markers
- down syndrome triple test: down AFP, down unconjugated estriol, up hCG
- quad test includes inhibin A

Question 21

cell free fetal DNA

Answer 21

1 )6-7w of pregnancy
- fetal sec by Y chromosome detection
- X linked recessive disorders
2) chromosomal aberrations, rhesus (Rh) blood type
3) assess from maternal circulation

Question 22

ultrasound

Answer 22

1) noninvasive
2) identify gestations age, growth, baby number, placental structure, blood flow, PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

Question 23

ultrasonography

Answer 23

1) 2D, 3D
2) 4D which allows image that is continuously updated, like a moving image

Question 24

fetal MRI

Answer 24

1) magnetic field to create pictures for evaluation
2) 2nd and 3rd trimesters
3) can supplement ultrasound, more info on fetal brain, other fetal anatomic structures

Question 25

fetal echiocardiogram

Answer 25

1) ultrasound looking at unborn baby heart structure and function
2)help plan and prepare for infant delivery and special interventions
3) determine treatment and fetal therapy

Question 26

radiography

Answer 26

1) 10 weeks onwards
2) inherited skeletal dysplasia diagnosis
3) useful on occasion

Question 27

amniocentesis

Answer 27

1) after 15th weeks of gestation
2) thin needle guided to mother’s abdominal wall into pocket of amniotic fluid
3) 10-20 ml
4) fluid
- NTD (alphafetoprotein)
5) cells
- chromosomal abnormalities, metabolic disorders, molecular defects
6) -0.5-1% risk of miscarriage
- if result is abnormal ,woman may do 3rd trimester termination of pregnancy

Question 28

chorionic villus sampling

Answer 28

1) 10-13th week of pregnancy
2) needle through cervix or abdomen using small catheter
3) small amount of placental tissue is removed for evaluation of chromosomes or genetic test
4) chromosomal abnormalities, metabolic disorders, molecular defects

Question 29

fetal blood sampling (chordocentesis)

Answer 29

1) medications can be administered and blood transfusions performed when needed
2) from around 20 weeks gestation
2) management of rhesus iso-immunization, and nonimmune fetal hydrops
4) chromosome analysis may help resolve issues in mosaicism in CN or amniocentesis samples

Question 30

genetic counseling

Answer 30

1) individuals at risk of congenital abnormalities
2) risk of disease with genetic component in etiology
3) know partner is affected or there is a adverse outcome running in his or her family

Question 30

requirement for genetic counseling

Answer 30

1) correct diagnosis
2) accurate family history
3) medical history
4) physical exam
5) lab test
6) relationship to affected individuals
—
based on etiology of specific disease
- environmental - risk = prevalence in general population
- monogenic - AD, AR, XR, XD
-MF
—
recommendation
- genetic testing, prenatal diagnosis, prevention

Question 30

1st degree relatives

Answer 30

1) sharing 50% genes
2) siblings, parents, children

Question 31

2nd degree relatives

Answer 31

1) sharing 25% genes
2) grandparents
3) grandchildren
4) uncles and aunts
5) nephews and nieces

Question 32

3rd degree relatives

Answer 32

1) sharing 12.5% of genes
2) first cousins
3) great grandchildren

Question 33

amniotic band syndrome

Answer 33

1) 1/15,000
2) recurrent risk for
- 1st degree (low, same as birth)
- 2nd degree is same
- 3rd degree is same
3) because it is environmental, non genetic

Question 34

cleft lip and palate

Answer 34

1) 1/1000 birth (multifactorial)
2) RR
- 1st degree (square root of population incidence 3%)
- 2nd degree (half of RR of 1st degree 1.5%)
- 3rd degreed (half of 2nd 0.75%)

Question 34

amelogenesis imperfecta

Answer 34

1) monogenetic (AD in most cases)
2) 1/14000
3) RR
- 1st degree relatives (1 in 2 or 50%)
- 2nd degree - (1 in 4 or 25%)
- 3rd degree (1 in 8 or 12.5%)

Question 35

ethical and legal issues

Answer 35

1) autonomy
- incorporating respect for individual, consent, confidentiality
2) beneficence
- seeking to do good
3) non maleficence
- seeking not to harm
4) justice
- incorporating

Question 36

autonomy

Answer 36

1) patients should take decision
2) patient should make decisions that have to be made
3) may seek guidance, requiring judgement of the counselor
4) can be comfortable to opt out freely at any stage of the process

Question 37

informed choice

Answer 37

1) full information about all options available in a given situation
2) including the option of not participating

Question 38

informed consent

Answer 38

1) entitled to an honest and full explanation of any procedure or test
2) risks, limitations, implications, and possible outcomes of each intervention
3) some form of signed consent is being obtained for every action that exposes the patient - access to medical records, clinical photography, genetic testing, and storage of DNA

Question 39

informed consent

Answer 39

1) aims and methods
2) selection criteria
3) duration
4) benefits and risks
5) compensation
6) withdrawal

Question 40

participating in research

Answer 40

1) voluntary
2) informed consent
3) an attending physician is also the researcher
4) tissue samples or other biological specimens provided for clinical use are also intended for research
5) intention to store the tissue should be specified and consented
6 )children
- informed consent is signed by parents and guardians

Question 41

confidentiality

Answer 41

1) code number, unlimited access, omitting identification, safeguard of data, limitation
2) right to complete confidentiality
3) stigmatization and guilt may still accompany the concept of hereditary illness
4) ONLY breach under extreme circumstances
- deem that individual may harm self or others
5) difficult area of sharing info between regional genetic services
- require patient consent is the norm

Question 42

beneficence

Answer 42

1) patient should receive highest priority and benefits

Question 43

non maleficence

Answer 43

1) protect patient from any kinds of harm

Question 44

justice

Answer 44

1) should be treated with fairness and benefits and burdens of healthcare distributed equally

Question 45

ethical dilemmas related to genetics

Answer 45

1) confidentiality
2) prenatal dx
3) predictive testing in childhood
4) implications for the immediate family
5) implications of extended family - XR disorders
6) informed consent in genetic research
7) secondary, or incidental findings

Question 46

implications for immediate family

Answer 46

1) positive test can have implications or close relatives that may not want to be informed of disease
- ex. huntingtons
2) affects confidentiality and disclosure to third parties
3) can be diagnostic but also predictive
4) DTC, falling cost of genome sequencing, new technologies, is a concern for clinical genetics