Genetic processes (half-unit)

Question 1

what does DNA stand for?

Answer 1

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 2

how many chromones do stomatic/body cells have?

Answer 2

46, or 23 pairs

Question 3

where are gametes found?

Answer 3

ovaries or testes of humans

Question 4

which cells are diploid, and which are haploid?

Answer 4

stomatic - diploid

Gametes - Haploid

Question 5

what is meiosis

Answer 5

production of gametes (sex cells)

Question 6

what is mitosis

Answer 6

production of somatic cells (human body cells)

Question 7

asexual reproducing

Answer 7

production of offspring by a single parent, offspring are identical

Question 8

why do cells reproduce asexually?

Answer 8

1. growth
2. repair
3. replace

Question 9

stages of interphase

Answer 9

1. first growth phase
2. synthesis
3. second growth phase

Question 10

stages of mitosis

Answer 10

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis

Question 11

what are the parts of a neucleotide?

Answer 11

1. A sugar
2. a phosphate
3. a nitrogen base (A,T,G,C)

Question 12

what do A,T,G,C nitrogen bases stand for?

Answer 12

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Question 13

how many hydrogen bonds are between A & T?

Answer 13

2

Question 14

how many hydrogen bonds are between G & C?

Answer 14

3

Question 15

what is a karyotype

Answer 15

a picture of a particular set of chromosomes that an individual has

Question 16

gene

Answer 16

part of a chromosome that controls the expression of a specific trait/charchteristics of an offspring

Question 17

allele

Answer 17

variation of genes ie. colour of hair

Question 18

what is n?

Answer 18

of haploid cells in an organism (humans have 23)

Question 19

3 simplified steps of DNA replication in synthesis

Answer 19

1. initiation - DNA unzips
2. elongation - complementary base pairing occurs
3. termination - 2 new strands are ‘ligated’ into continuous double strands

Question 20

what are homologous chromosomes

Answer 20

2 sister chromatids

Question 21

meisosis - 1 & 2

Answer 21

1. reduction division - one diploid cell forms 2 haploid cells by separating homologous chromosomes

Question 22

meiosis - prophase 1

Answer 22

tetrads are formed (4 sister chromatids) from the pairing of homologous pairs

Question 23

meiosis - metaphase 1

Answer 23

a double line of chromosomes line up on the equator

Question 24

meiosis - anaphase 1

Answer 24

homologous pairs are separated by spindle fibres

Question 25

meiosis - telophase 1

Answer 25

two haploid daughter cells are formed

Question 26

meiosis 2

Answer 26

same as mitosis but cells are haploid

Question 27

diploid vs haploid

Answer 27

of copies of each cromosome ( diploid = 2, haploid = 1)

Question 28

what is crossing over and when does it happen

Answer 28

during meiosis prophase 1 - when homologous chromosomes overlap and exchange portions of their chromatids

Question 29

how does non-disjunction chromosomal mutations occur?

Answer 29

pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate properly or sister chromatids fail to separate in meiosis 2 anaphase

Question 30

what does fertilization of an egg form

Answer 30

a diploid zygote (which is the first somatic cell)

Question 31

structural chromosomal mutations

Answer 31

deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

Question 32

chromosomes for body traits ie eye colour

Answer 32

autosomal chromosomes

Question 33

uncoiled form of DNA

Answer 33

Chromatin

Question 34

phase when DNA coils into chromosomes and nuclear envelope closes

Answer 34

prophase