Genetic Modification Flashcards
What is Genetic modification?
GM involesthe transfer of a gene or section of DNA from one organism into the DNA of another organism
What are ristriction enzymes?
RE are used to cut the required gene gere out of the DNA
What are sticky ends?
Sticky ens are short section of a single-stranses DNA, resulting through restinctoin enzymes cutting DNA.
What is the bacterial plamid?
The plasmid is cut bythe same restiction enzyme, ensures that it is complimaentary to the ‘sticky end’
What do the DNA ligaser enzyme do?
It joins together the plasmid and isolated gene, if they have the same complimentary sticky ends the DNA ligas froms a single DNA molecule
Is the process of GM done outside or inside bacteria?
Outside
How does the reconbinant plasmid get into bacteria?
Bacteria absorbs recobinant plasmid near itself.
How does the insulin get refined after forming reconbinant plasmid?
Ecoli absorbs recobinant plasmid near itself. Genetically engineered bacterial cell reproduce and the plasmids are copied with it. Bateria is then trown into fermenter nad starts to produce insulin. Insulin is then extracted and refined in large quantities.
What is tissue culture?
The process in which small pieces of plants are grown using nutrient media.
Where is the tissue culture?
Grown in patri dishes on nutrients, grown ‘in vitro’ (outside of. Living organism)
Describe the method of micropropagation. Step by step.
Cells are scraped from the parent cell (explants)
Surface of explants or steralised using disinfectant and sterile water
Explants transferred to sterile Petri dish containing sterile nutrient agar
Explant grows encouraged by growth medium, devices into small masses of cells(callus)
Callus is transferred to fresh growth medium with plant growth regulators
Callus develop into plantlet
Plants transferred individual potting trays and develop into plants
Advantages of micropropagation?
Clones are genetically identically
Coming of plants has many commercial uses
Allows plants with desirable characteristics to be produced; cheaply, greater yield, Quickly, at any time, identical to each other, disease-free
Preservation of rare plant species
Disadvantages of Micropropagation?
Trained personnel and a sterile laboratory are required
Venerable to same disease and pests as genetically identical
Why is Embryo cloning done?
To create many genetically identical offspring (identical to each other)
Describe the method for Embryo cloning. Step by step.
Egg cells from best cow and sperm from best bull are artificially fertilized
Forms embryo
Embryo split apart many times before embryo becomes specialised.
Forms many separate embryos that are genetically identical.
Embryos transplanted into host mothers
Calves birthed are genetically identical.
Why is adult cloning done?
To create genetically identical offspring to parent cell
Describe the method for adult cloning. Step by step.
Nucleus removed form unfertilised egg cell.
Nucleus form adult body cell is inserted into enucleated egg cell.
Small electric shock stimulates the egg cell to divide.
When embryo develops into ball of cells, interred into surrogate mother.
Embryo cell is the same genetically to adult body cell.
