Genetic Markers Flashcards
Which 2 people emphasise that current utility is not evidence for design?
Gould and Lewontin
What is the adaptionist programme?
Based on faith in power of natural selection
Adaptations arise centered on what?
Natural selection
Who used mathematics, physicas and chemistry to explain growth?
Thompson
Allometric growth explains what?
Diverse forms
What is allometric growth?
Proportioning that helps give a body its specific form
Different allometric patterns contribute to what?
Contrasting shapes of certain things
Substantial evolutionary change can result from what in terms of genes
Result from alterations in genes that control the placement and organisation of body parts
What happens in paedomorphosis?
Sexually mature species may retain body features that were juvenile structures in an ancestral species
Describe the relationship between reproductive and somatic development in paedomorphosis
Rate of reproductive development accelerates compared to somatic
What is pattern formation?
Developmental process by which certain cells form into something particular depending on where it is in the embryo. Controlled by genes
Pattern formation in animals and plants results from what?
similar genetic and cellular mechanisms
Pattern formations occurs where
Occurs continually in plants. Is mostly limited to embryos and juveniles in animals
Positional information consists of what?
Molecular cues that control pattern formation. Tells a cell its location relative to the body
What are homeotic genes?
Determine basic feature as where a pair of wings and pair of legs will develop on a bird etc
The products of homeotic genes are called what?
Hox genes
Hox genes provide what?
Provide positional information in the development of fins and limbs in tetrapods
What are genetic markers?
Genetic characteristics of populations that allow patterns of reproduction between groups to be examined
Name 3 types of genetic markers?
Chromosomes and protein/DNA polymorphisms and microsatellite/mitochondrial DNA
Describe how chromosomes are used as markers?
Chromosomes complement and the banding pattern on individual chromsomes is the most commonly used marker
Protein polymorphisms are used as markers, how?
Electrophoretically detectable differences in enzymes are also widely used as genetic markers
Microsatellite markers are what?
Nuclear
Mitochondrial DNA as a genetic marker is typically inherited by who?
Female
Genetic markers are used for what 5 things?
Phylogeny reconstruction. Determine levels of variation in population. Estimate effects of genetic drift and population bottlenecks on variation. Determine levels of relatedness. Detect species nature.
