Book1pol

Question 1

Sympatric speciation is what?

Answer 1

Same country speciation, speciation takes place in geographically overlapping populations

Question 2

Polyploidy is what?

Answer 2

Prescence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accients during cell divison

Question 3

Autopolyploid is what?

Answer 3

An individual with more than 2 chromosome sets, derived from one species

Question 4

Allopolyploid is what?

Answer 4

Species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species

Question 5

Polyploidy is much more commin in plants or animals?

Answer 5

Plants

Question 6

Sympatric speciation can also result from what?

Answer 6

Appearance of new ecological niches

Question 7

What type of selection can drive sympatric speciation?

Answer 7

Sexual selection

Question 8

In allopatric speciation, what type of isolation restricts gene flow between population?

Answer 8

Geographic isolation

Question 9

Reproductive isolation may arise by what 3 things

Answer 9

Natural selection, genetic drift or sexual selection in isolated populations

Question 10

In sympatric speciation, a eproductive barrier isolates what?

Answer 10

A subset of a population without geographic separation from the parent species

Question 11

Sympatric speciation can result from what 3 things?

Answer 11

Polyploidy, natural selection or sexual selection

Question 12

Hybrid zones provide opportunities to study factors that cause what type of isolation?

Answer 12

Reproductive

Question 13

What is a hybrid zone?

Answer 13

A region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids

Question 14

Hybrids often have reduced what in comparison to parent species?

Answer 14

Reduced fitness

Question 15

Distribution of hybrid zones can be more complex if parent species are found where?

Answer 15

In multiple habitats within the same region

Question 16

What are the 3 outcomes when closely related species meet in a hybrid zone

Answer 16

1. Strengthening of reproductive barriers 2. Weakening of reproductive barriers 3. Continued formation of hybrid individuals

Question 17

What are the 3 outcomes of secondary contact and hybridisation?

Answer 17

Reinforcement, Fusion or Stability

Question 18

Describe the fitness, type of hybrid zone and eventual outcome for when reinforcement is produced

Answer 18

Fitness: Lower than parental forms. Hybrid Zone: Relatively narrow and short lived. Eventual outcome: Differentiation between parental populations increases

Question 19

describe the fitness, type of hybrid zone and eventual outcome for when fusion is produced

Answer 19

Fitness: Equal to parental forms. Hybrid Zone: Relatively wide and long lived. Eventual outcome: Differentiation between parental populations decreases

Question 20

describe the fitness, type of hybrid zone and eventual outcome for when Stability is produced

Answer 20

Fitness: Higher than parental forms. Hybrid Zone: Depends on whether fitness advantage occurs in ecotone or new habitat. Eventual outcome: Stable hybrid zone or formation of new species

Question 21

Where hybrids have increased fitness, local extinctions of parent species within the hybrid zone can prevent what?

Answer 21

Breakdown of reproductive barriers

Question 22

Does fusion weaken or strengthen barriers?

Answer 22

Weaken

Question 23

Does reinforcement weaken or strengthen barriers?

Answer 23

Strengthen

Question 24

When reinforcement occurs reproductive barriers should be stronger for sympatric or allopatric species?

Answer 24

For sympatric

Question 25

What does punctuated equilibrium mean?

Answer 25

To describe periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change

Question 26

Punctuated equilibirum model contracts with what model in a species’ existence?

Answer 26

Model of gradual change

Question 27

Macroevolution is the cumlative effect of what?

Answer 27

Many speciation and extinction events