Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

What does it mean when genes are linked?

A

The genes are located on the same chromosome

They are physically linked

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2
Q

Describe a parental chromosome/gamete

A

A chromosome that has the same alleles as the parent chromosomes

a gamete that has the same genotype as the parents

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3
Q

Describe crossing over (ie., homologous recombination) and specify when it occurs during meiosis

A

Occurs during prophase I of meiosis

the equal exchange of genetical material between chromosomes in a homologous pair

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4
Q

What is the difference between a parental and recombinant chromosome/gamete/offspring that carries that chromosome

A

A parental gamete will have the same alleles that the parents passed on because the homologous pairs did not undergo crossing over

whereas, as recombinant gamete will have a different combination of alleles than the parents because the chromosomes did cross over during prophase I

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5
Q

Describe crossing over/ homologous recombination and specify when it occurs during meiosis

A

Occurs during prophase I of meiosis

the equal exchange of genetical material between non-sister chromatids in a homologous pair

The breaking and rejoining of non sister chromatids where segments of maternal and paternal chromosomes are switched

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6
Q

Explain how recombinant gametes are produced by crossing over (ie., homologous recombination)

A

If a gene is linked and occurs on the same chromosome, independent assortment will not be enough to form recombinants.

The chromosomes will need to undergo crossing over in prophase I in order to change the combinations of alleles in each gamete

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7
Q

Explain how recombinant gametes are produced by crossing over (ie., homologous recombination)

A

If a gene is linked and occurs on the same chromosome, independent assortment will not be enough to form recombinants.

The chromosomes will need to undergo crossing over in prophase I in order to change the combinations of alleles in each gamete

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8
Q

What type of gametes and in what percentage are produced by an unlinked AaBb cross?

A

The gametes will be 50% recombinant type and 50% parental type

because chromosomes will assort independently

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9
Q

What type of gametes and in what percentage are produced by a linked AaBb cross?

A

Less than 50% will be recombinant gamete types

and more than 50% will be the parental type

Because recombination relies on the crossing over between non-sister chromatids

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10
Q

Why will less gametes be recombinant when genes are linked?

A

Crossing over is not guaranteed between non-sister chromatids in prophase I

And the closer together the genes are the less likely it is to occur

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11
Q

What indicates genes are linked?

A

the lack of independent assortment

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12
Q

How is recombinant frequency between two genes calculated?

A

Recombination frequency (%) = # of recombinants / total # of progeny x 100%

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13
Q

Describe a chromosome/genetic linkage map

A

A map of chromosomes that plots the locations and positions of genes on chromosomes

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14
Q

How is a chromosome/linkage map generated?

A

the frequency of recombinants produced by crossing over is used to determine the linear distance (mu) between 2 genes on a chromosome

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15
Q

Explain the relationship between % recombination and the relative distance between genes on a chromosome

A

1% recombination frequency = 1 map unit (cM)

1 mu = 1% recombinant gametes = 1% recombinant offspring

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16
Q

Why is the map distance between any two genes never more than 50 mu?

A

Because the recombination frequency for linked genes have a max of 50%

if the two genes have a 50% recombination frequency, they are either UNLINKED or very FAR apart on the same chromosome because crossing over is occurring with every meiosis

If 2 genes are farther than 50 mu apart, they are considered UNLINKED

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17
Q

What units are used to measure distances between genes on a chromosome?

A

1 map unit (mu) = 1 centiMorgan (cM)

18
Q

T or F: the farther apart 2 genes are, the more likely a crossover will occur between them. Why/why not?

A

TRUE because there is more space between them where the crossover can occur = the probability of the crossover occurring in the physical space between the 2 genes is higher

19
Q

What 2 things can recombinant frequencies be used to determine?

A
  1. order of genes along a chromosome

2. the relative distance between genes

20
Q

What can the distance between genes be used for?

A

to predict the frequency of recombinant progeny

21
Q

What range do recombinant frequencies for linked genes have?

A

0 to 50%

22
Q

If the genes are farther apart, the recombination frequency will be higher or lower?

A

higher

23
Q

What does a recombination frequency of 50% tell us about two genes? Explain

A

they are either:

on different chromosomes OR

far apart on the same chromosome

Because it means crossover happens between them EVERY meiosis

24
Q

Describe a three point test cross

A

a cross of a trihybrid (triple heterozygote) with a triply (homozygous) recessive tester

25
Q

What are 3 point crosses commonly used for?

A

used in genetic linkage analysis to determine whether genes are linked

and if they are linked, they’re used to determine the order of the genes along a chromosome and the distance between them

26
Q

What is the max number of different gamete types a trihybrid can produce?

A

maximum 8 different gamete types

27
Q

How do you use a trihybrid to determine if genes are linked?

A

calculate the recombination frequency for each gene pair

28
Q

What does it mean if a trihybrid cross shows less than 50% recombination frequency between the genes?

A

the genes are linked and on the same chromosome

29
Q

If shown the genotypes of the offspring from a 3 point test cross and they do not show a 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1 ratio, what can you conclude about the genes?

A

the genes are LINKED

30
Q

How is gene order determined?

A

by looking at the genotypic frequencies in the offspring

31
Q

If there are 3 genes, how many orders are possible?

A

3

32
Q

Which is the smallest genotypic group?

A

double-recombinant classes

33
Q

How many gene orders are compatible with the smallest classes?

A

one

34
Q

How do double recombinants form?

A

double crossover between genes

35
Q

Which gene will be in the middle of the order?

A

the allele pair that has ‘flipped’ position when you compare double recombinant classes to the parental classes

36
Q

T or F: different gene orders give the same double recombinants

A

False, they give different double recombinants

37
Q

What are the typical frequencies for a trihybrid cross with linked genes?

A

8 genotypes:

2 at high frequency = parental group

2 at intermediate frequency = single recombinant group

2 at different intermediate frequency = single recombinant group

2 at very low frequency = double recombinant group

38
Q

What does the parental group tell you?

A

What gamete the homozygous parent gave the offspring

39
Q

What is the purpose of the two single recombinant groups?

A

to determine the distances between one pair of genes and between another pair of genes

40
Q

What is the purpose of the double recombinant group?

A

to determine the order of the genes (ie., which gene is in the middle)