Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes Flashcards
What does it mean when genes are linked?
The genes are located on the same chromosome
They are physically linked
Describe a parental chromosome/gamete
A chromosome that has the same alleles as the parent chromosomes
a gamete that has the same genotype as the parents
Describe crossing over (ie., homologous recombination) and specify when it occurs during meiosis
Occurs during prophase I of meiosis
the equal exchange of genetical material between chromosomes in a homologous pair
What is the difference between a parental and recombinant chromosome/gamete/offspring that carries that chromosome
A parental gamete will have the same alleles that the parents passed on because the homologous pairs did not undergo crossing over
whereas, as recombinant gamete will have a different combination of alleles than the parents because the chromosomes did cross over during prophase I
Describe crossing over/ homologous recombination and specify when it occurs during meiosis
Occurs during prophase I of meiosis
the equal exchange of genetical material between non-sister chromatids in a homologous pair
The breaking and rejoining of non sister chromatids where segments of maternal and paternal chromosomes are switched
Explain how recombinant gametes are produced by crossing over (ie., homologous recombination)
If a gene is linked and occurs on the same chromosome, independent assortment will not be enough to form recombinants.
The chromosomes will need to undergo crossing over in prophase I in order to change the combinations of alleles in each gamete
Explain how recombinant gametes are produced by crossing over (ie., homologous recombination)
If a gene is linked and occurs on the same chromosome, independent assortment will not be enough to form recombinants.
The chromosomes will need to undergo crossing over in prophase I in order to change the combinations of alleles in each gamete
What type of gametes and in what percentage are produced by an unlinked AaBb cross?
The gametes will be 50% recombinant type and 50% parental type
because chromosomes will assort independently
What type of gametes and in what percentage are produced by a linked AaBb cross?
Less than 50% will be recombinant gamete types
and more than 50% will be the parental type
Because recombination relies on the crossing over between non-sister chromatids
Why will less gametes be recombinant when genes are linked?
Crossing over is not guaranteed between non-sister chromatids in prophase I
And the closer together the genes are the less likely it is to occur
What indicates genes are linked?
the lack of independent assortment
How is recombinant frequency between two genes calculated?
Recombination frequency (%) = # of recombinants / total # of progeny x 100%
Describe a chromosome/genetic linkage map
A map of chromosomes that plots the locations and positions of genes on chromosomes
How is a chromosome/linkage map generated?
the frequency of recombinants produced by crossing over is used to determine the linear distance (mu) between 2 genes on a chromosome
Explain the relationship between % recombination and the relative distance between genes on a chromosome
1% recombination frequency = 1 map unit (cM)
1 mu = 1% recombinant gametes = 1% recombinant offspring
Why is the map distance between any two genes never more than 50 mu?
Because the recombination frequency for linked genes have a max of 50%
if the two genes have a 50% recombination frequency, they are either UNLINKED or very FAR apart on the same chromosome because crossing over is occurring with every meiosis
If 2 genes are farther than 50 mu apart, they are considered UNLINKED