DNA Replication Flashcards
What composes a DNA polymer?
nucleotide monomers
Describe the structure of a DNA nucleotide
a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
one of four nitrogenous bases (A, G, C, T)
up to 3 phosphate groups
What is the sugar in DNA nucleotides?
deoxyribose
How many sugars does the deoxyribose have?
5
What is bonded to the 1’ carbon of the deoxyribose?
a nucleotide base
What is bonded to the 3’ carbon of the deoxyribose?
a hydroxyl group
What is bonded to the 5’ carbon of the deoxyribose?
1-3 phosphates
What are the 2 types of DNA bases?
pyrimidines
purines
Describe the structure of pyrimidine
a single ring
Describe the structure of purines
a double ring
Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?
C and T
Which nitrogenous bases are purines?
A and G
What assembles nucleotides into a polymer?
DNA polymerase
How does DNAP assemble a polymer?
DNAP catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds between the 3’ OH and 5’ phosphate group
What is the name of the covalent bond that forms between the 3’ OH and 5’ phosphates?
phosphodiester bonds
What type of backbone does each polynucleotide chain have?
a sugar-phosphate backbone
T or F: the two polynucleotide chains are complementary
True
T or F: the two polynucleotide chains are antiparallel
True
Which nitrogenous bases pair together in complementary pairing?
C - G
A - T
What are 3 attributes of DNA replication?
- each strand of the parental DNA molecule remains intact during replication
- each parental strand serves as a template for formation of a daughter strand
- result = formation of 2 identical daughter duplexes composed of one parental and one daughter strand
T or F: the covalent bonds holding monomers together are broken during replication
FALSE they’re never broken
T or F: each strand of the parental DNA molecule is altered during replication
false, they remain intact
What do the parental strands serve during replication?
as a template for a daughter strand
Describe a daughter DNA strand
produced by DNA replication of the parental DNA and is complementary and antiparallel
When does DNA replication occur (in the cell cycle)?
In S phase (DNA synthesis)
Which 6 macromolecules are involved in DNA replication?
helicase single strand binding protein DNAPIII Primase DNAPI Ligase
Where does DNA replication start?
the origins of replication (ori)
How does replication start?
proteins recognize ori DNA sequences and separate DNA strands to form a replication bubble
How does a replication bubble form?
When proteins recognize the ori DNA sequences and separate the DNA strands
What direction does DNA replication occur in relation to the origin?
bi-directionally (both ways)
What direction are strands always replicated? And what end are all nucleotides added to?
5’ - 3’
nucleotides always added at 3’
What occurs at each end of a replication bubble?
replication forks
What enzyme functions at the replication forks? What does it do?
helicase unwinds and separates DNA strands
What holds the DNA strands apart after they are separated and until they are replicated?
Single Stranded Binding Proteins (SSBPs)
What happens once a single stranded DNA template forms?
Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer
What is the function of primase?
it synthesizes a short RNA primer after a single stranded DNA template forms
What is the main enzyme of DNA replication?
DNAPIII
What does DNAPIII require to add nucleotides?
a primer
What is the function of DNAPIII?
catalyzes synthesis by elongating RNA primers by adding nucleotides complementary to template strand
What direction does DNAPIII catalyze synthesis?
5’ - 3’
What kind of nuclease activity does DNAPIII have?
3’ - 5’ exonuclease
What direction does DNAPIII have exonuclease activity?
3’ to 5’
What is the purpose of the 3’ - 5’ exonuclease activity of DNAPIII?
it allows it to remove mismatched bases
What is the function of DNAPI?
it removes RNA primers and fills in the resulting gap with DNA
What type of nuclease activity does DNAPI have?
5’ - 3’ exonuclease activity
THIS IS UNCLEAR IN SLIDES?
What direction does DNAPI catalyze chain growth?
5’ - 3’
What occurs after DNAPI removes the RNA primer and fills in the gap with DNA?
DNA ligase links the DNA fragments together by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds
Which enzyme links DNA fragments together after DNAPI adds the DNA?
DNA Ligase
As the DNA strands unwind, how many template strands are there?
2