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Biology > Genetic Information, Variation and Relationships between Organisms > Flashcards

Genetic Information, Variation and Relationships between Organisms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a gene?

A

Sections of DNA that code for a polypeptide

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2
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different versions of a gene

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3
Q

What is a locus?

A

Position of gene

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4
Q

Define genetic code

A

Shows which bases code for which amino acid

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5
Q

Define degenerate

A

Most amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet

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6
Q

Define universal

A

Same code in all organisms

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7
Q

Define non-overlapping

A

Each base is read once

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8
Q

Describe eukaryotic chromosomes

A

Linear DNA coiled around histones and contain introns and exons

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9
Q

Describe prokaryotic DNA

A

Circular, no introns and does not coil around histones

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10
Q

Define homologous

A

A pair of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have the same length, gene position, and centromere location

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11
Q

Where does each homologous chromosome come from

A

Maternally and paternally

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12
Q

Where are sister chromatids found

A

nuclear division

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13
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Identical copies of a chromosome joined by a centromere

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14
Q

Describe tRNA

A

Transfer RNA is a small single stranded molecule of RNA that is shaped like a clover with hydrogen bonds and anticodons

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15
Q

What does tRNA do

A

Transfers amino acids to ribosomes so that polypeptides can be synthesised

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16
Q

What does the anticodon do

A

Binds to complimentary mRNA sequence and an amino acid binding point which binds to one specific amino acid

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17
Q

What is transcription

A

Process where pre-mRNA is produced using a template strand of DNA, RNA polymerase and RNA nucleotides

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18
Q

Describe the process of transcription

A
  1. RNA polymerase separates the two strands
  2. Free RNA nucleotides bind to their complementary partners, forming hydrogen bonds
  3. RNA polymerase catalyses condensation reactions, forming phosphodiester bonds until a stop codon is reached
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19
Q

What is splicing?

A

The process where pre-mRNA is turned into mRNA by removing introns

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20
Q

True or false: splicing occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

False: just eukaryotes

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21
Q

What is translation

A

The process where mRNA is used to produce polypeptides

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22
Q

Describe the steps of translation

A
  1. mRNA binds to a ribosome
  2. anti codon on a tRNA molecule will bind to a complementary codon
  3. tRNA will have an amino acid attached
  4. second tRNA molecule with an attached amino acid will bind
  5. ribosome catalyses a condensation reaction forming a peptide bond
  6. tRNA molecules leave their amino acid and detach to bind to new amino acids
  7. continues until ribosome reaches a stop codon
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23
Q

What is a mutation

A

Changes in the base sequence of DNA made during DNA replication

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24
Q

What is an insertion mutation

A

Extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA

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25
Q

What is a deletion mutation

A

A section of DNA is lost, or deleted

26
Q

What is a substitution mutation

A

One base is replaced with another

27
Q

What is a duplication mutation

A

A piece of genetic mutation is copied again

28
Q

What is an inversion mutation

A

A base is flipped

29
Q

What can a mutation lead to

A
  1. no change
  2. change in amino acid but protein remains functional
  3. change in amino acid so protein works differently
  4. frame shift where many amino acids change creating a non-functional protein
30
Q

When do chromosomal mutations occur

A

When there is a change in the structure or number of chromosomes

31
Q

What does the duplication of whole set of chromosomes result in

A

Polyploidy

32
Q

What is non-disjunction and when does it occur

A

One chromosome can be duplicated when chromosomes don’t separate in meiosis meaning individuals have either fewer or more chromosomes

33
Q

What does meiosis produce

A

Four haploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes which allows fertilisation to produce a diploid organism with 46 chromosomes

34
Q

What is variation due to in meiosis

A

Crossing over, independent segregation/ assortment and random fertilisation

35
Q

What does crossing over produce

A

New combinations of maternal and paternal alleles leading to variation

36
Q

How does crossing over happen

A
  1. Chromatids twist around each other at chiasmata
  2. Tension is placed on each chromatid breaking a part off
  3. Broken portions rejoin with the other homologous patner
37
Q

What is independent segregation

A

In meiosis 1, homologous chromosomes are separated at random so that the daughter cell will either inherit maternal or paternal set of each chromosomes

38
Q

How do you calculate number of combinations in independent segregation

A

2^n n being number of pairs

39
Q

What is genetic diversity

A

The total number of different alleles in a population

40
Q

What is natural selection

A

Mutations lead to new alleles and variation
Environment change and selection pressures can lead to intraspecific competition
Individuals with advantageous alleles are more likely to survive and pass on alleles
Allele frequency increases in next generation

41
Q

Give an example of anatomical adaptations

A

Fur colour change

42
Q

Example of physiological adaptation

A

oxidising different substrates

43
Q

Example of behavioural adaptation

A

migrating

44
Q

define directional selection

A

One extreme phenotype is selected and changes the characteristics of the population

45
Q

Define stabilising selection

A

Average phenotype is selected and preserves the characteristics of a population

46
Q

Define species

A

Organisms than can inbreed to produce fertile offspring

47
Q

Why are courtship rituals used

A

So animals can establish if they are the same species, to identify mates, to form pair bonds, to synchronise mating and to get the opposite sex in a state where breeding can occur

48
Q

How are species classified

A

Based on either visual differences or phylogenetically

49
Q

What is a taxon and taxonomy

A

Each phylogenetic group and the study of them

50
Q

What is the order of classification

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

51
Q

What are the 3 domains

A

archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes

52
Q

What is the binomial name

A

genus species

53
Q

Define phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of an organism and the evolutionary relationship between organisms

54
Q

Define species richness

A

Number of different species presnt in an area at a given time

55
Q

Define species evenness

A

Measure of the relative abundances of different species in an area

56
Q

What is the diversity formula

A

d = (N(N-1)) / En(n-1)

N = number of all species
n = number of organisms in a species
E = sum of

57
Q

Define biodiversity

A

Describes the variety of the living world

58
Q

What are the components of biodiversity

A

Species (number of species and individuals), genetic (variety of alleles possessed by an individual) and ecosystem diversity (range of different habitats)

59
Q

What do phylogenetic trees show

A

evolutionary relationship between species

60
Q

How do scientists produce phylogenetic trees

A

Compare observable features
Compare DNA and mRNA bases
Compare amino acid sequences

Biology (3 decks)

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