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Biology > Genetic Info and Variation > Flashcards

Genetic Info and Variation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is Prokaryotic DNA

A

Cytoplasm
As no nucleus

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2
Q

Describe Prokaryotic chromosomes

A

Short, circular
Nucleoid - single, circular
Plasminds - very small circular
Contain only few genes, more accessible for proteins for gene expression, genes required often

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3
Q

Describe Eukaryote’s DNA

A

Lon, Linear, Condensed
Tightly wrapped around histones
Ends of chroatids sealed with telomeres

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4
Q

What is a chromatin

A

Combination of tightly coiled DNA and proteins

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5
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory

A

bacterial cells were engulfed by a large cell during evolution
Bacteria and host cell formed beneficial symbiotic relationship

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6
Q

What are genes

A

sequences of bases in DNA that code for amino acid sequence of a single polypeptide or functional RNA molceule

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7
Q

Whats a locus

A

Specific location of a gene in DNA

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8
Q

Which out of DNA and mRNA has a codon and whihc has a triplet

A

DNA triplet
mRNA codon

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9
Q

What are introns

A

Non coding regions of the gene

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10
Q

How are Introns removed

A

splicing, when gene is translated for protein synthesis
It’s in pre-mRNA
not in prokaryotes

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11
Q

What are exons

A

coding regions

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12
Q

Describe the genetic code

A

Non-overlapping
Degenerate - code for same, limits effect of mutation
Universal - same codons=same amino acids

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13
Q

What is the genome

A

complete set of genes in individual’s DNA

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14
Q

What is the proteome

A

Full range of proteins an individual can produce
Larger than the genome, as the exons can be sliced in dif ways (alt splicing)

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15
Q

Which comes first: Transcription or Translation

A

Transcription

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16
Q

Describe the process of transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to locus of target gene, cuases H bonds to break, separating the strands
RNA polymerase then binds free floating RNA nucleotides to template strand, mRNA formed is copy of gene
RNA polymerase catalyses the condensayion reaction forming phosphodiester bonds
When reaches stop codon, stops separating DNA and producing mRNA, strands join back up.
mRNA leave nucleus through pore

17
Q

Describe the process of Translation

A

mRNA binds to ribosome, 6 bases at a time
1 molecule tRNA binds to first codon, via complementary anticodon, bringing in specific amino acid, bound to it using ATP
2nd tRNA binds to second codon in ribosome, corresponding aino acid bought in, they form peptide bond using ATP
Ribosome then moves along mRNA strand, so new codon enters ribosome, adds to polypeptide chain.
When reaches stop codon, no correspinding tRNA molecule, chain released

18
Q

Describe sturtcure of tRNA

A

Single stranded nucelic acid molecule,
Clover like shape
Has anticodon, complementary

19
Q

What are mutations

A

Changes to base sequence in DNA

20
Q

Why do most mutations not lead to a change in polypeptide function

A

In introns
Degenerate code
Not in functional region

21
Q

Which types of mutation lead to a frameshift mutation

A

Addition/ insertion
Deletion

22
Q

What are the three forms of substitution

A

Silent - doesn’t alter amino acid sequence (degenerate)
Missense - alters single amino acid
Nonsense - premature stop codon, polypeptide chain incomplete, affects final protein structure

23
Q

What are 3 causes of mutation

A

Replication: erros in replication process when DNA read and copied, spontaneous

Mutagenic Agents: environemtnal factors increase rate of mutations, ionisng radiation (x Rays) UV (high E radiation) toxic chemicals

Chromosome mutations: spontaneous in meiosis, affect number of chromosomes in devloping zygote- “aneuploidy”, if pairs of chromosomes don’t separate properly “Non-disjunction”, extra chromosome/none

24
Q

What does meiosis produce from what?

A

produced: Haploid gametes (4 genetically dif daughter cells
From: diploid

25
Q

How does meiosis increase genetic diversity

A

Random fertilisation- random fusion between gametes
Crossing over in meiosis 1
Independent segration

26
Q

WHat happens in independent segregation

A

Homologous pairs lined up randomly
Mix of paternal and maternal chromosomes end up in daugther cell

Biology (5 decks)

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