Genetic Engineering Flashcards
1
Q
Created by Gregor Johann Mendel.
A
Mendelian’s Law of Inheritance
2
Q
Austrian Monk, Botanist, and Father of Genetics and Heredity.
A
Gregor Johann Mendel
3
Q
In two different alleles, dominant trait will mask the recessive gene.
A
Law of Dominance
4
Q
Parents with two alleles for genes will pass on one allele to each offspring. Both parents donate one allele.
A
Law of Segregation
5
Q
Two or more traits are inherited separately from each other and don’t always occur together.
A
Law of Independent Assortment
6
Q
Pattern of inheritance which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel’s law.
A
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
7
Q
One allele is partially dominant over another allele resulting in the blending of characteristics (intermediate trait).
A
Incomplete Dominance
8
Q
One allele is neither dominant over the other allele resulting in full trait expression.
A
Codominance
9
Q
More than two alleles that control one gene.
A
Multiple Alleles
10
Q
Test cross between a homozygous Type O father and a heterozygous Type A mother.
A
Sex Related Inheritance
11
Q
Occurs when genetic traits are inherited on either the X or the chromosome.
A
Sex Related Inheritance
12
Q
A biological process which involves the transmission of traits or characters from parents to offspring.
A
Sex Related Inheritance
13
Q
Located on X and Y chromosomes. Can be seen in the chromosome 23.
A
Sex-Linked Traits
14
Q
Recessive inheritance refers to genetic conditions associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome.
A
X-Linked Traits
15
Q
Also known as holandric inheritance, traits produced by genes located on y chromosomes. Can be difficult to detect. Can be seen in the male.
A
Y-Linked Traits
16
Q
Observed mostly in one sex (gender). Commonly traits or characteristics in male and female.
A
Sex-Influenced Traits
17
Q
Trait is shown in the genes of the sex chromosomes.
A
Sex-Linked Genes
18
Q
Carries most sex-linked genes, thus mostly males are affected.
A
X-Chromosome
19
Q
The chemical inside the nucleus of the cell that carries the genetic instructions for making living organisms.
A
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
20
Q
The material inside the nucleus of cells that carries genetic information.
A
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
21
Q
One of the threadlike “packages” of genes and other DNA in the nucleus of the cell.
A
Chromosomes
22
Q
How many pairs of chromosomes, number of autosomes, and number of sex chromosomes do humans have?
A
23 Pairs of Chromosomes, 44 Autosomes, and 2 Sex Chromosomes
23
Q
Cause malfunction puberty. 46 to 47 chromosome. XXY or XXX.
A
Trisome
24
Q
A functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring.
A
Genes
25
Pieces of DNA, and contain the information for making a specific protein.
Genes
26
All the DNA contained in an organism or a cell, which includes the chromosomes and (DNA in the chloroplasts of plant cells).
Genome
27
Plural of gene or population.
Genome
28
Refers to any change in the nucleotide sequence as a result of a failure of the system to revert the change.
Mutation
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Type of mutation where one or few nucleotides of a gene are affected.
Small Scale Mutation
30
Type of mutation which affects the structure of a whole or part of a
chromosome or part of a chromosome.
Large Scale Mutation
31
Often have similar physical features, such as a flat facial profile, an upward slant to the eyes, small ears, and a tongue, correctable heart defects and developmental delays.
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
32
Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition that results when a boy is born with an extra copy of the X chromosome.
Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
33
A genetic condition affecting males, and it often isn't diagnosed until adulthood.
Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
34
A condition that affects only females, results when one of the X chromosomes (sex chromosomes)is missing or partially missing.
Turner Syndrome (X) (XO) (Monosomy X)
35
Many affected girls do not undergo puberty unless they receive hormone therapy, and most are unable to conceive (infertile).
Turner Syndrome (X) (XO) (Monosomy X)
36
Also known as 5p- (5p minus) syndrome, is a chromosomal condition that results when a piece of chromosome 5 is missing.
Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome
37
Infants with this condition often have a high-pitched cry that sounds like that of a cat.
Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome
38
Uncommon type of cancer of the bone marrow that increases the number of white blood cells in the blood.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (Bone Marrow Cancer)
39
A serious rare genetic disorder caused by having an additional copy of chromosome 13 in some or all of the body's cells.
Patau's Syndrome (Trisomy 13)
40
Genetic condition in babies that causes severe disability.
Edward's Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
41
It is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 18 and babies born with the condition usually do not survive for much longer than a week.
Edward's Syndrome (Trisomy 18)
42
The process of pairing and ordering all the chromosomes of an organism, thus providing a genome-wide snapshot of an individual's chromosomes.
Karyotyping
43
Serves an alternative for karyotyping to determine how does an individual has a certain condition.
Pedigree Analysis
44
A diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next, most commonly humans, show dogs, and race horses.
Pedigree Chart
45
The genetic makeup of an organism.
Genotype
46
The physical characteristics of an organism.
Phenotype
47
Allele that is phenotypically expressed over another allele. High chance to inherit by the future generation of current generation.
Dominant Allele
48
If a person inherits two dominant alleles (TT).
Homozygous Dominant
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Two alleles (Tt). The dominant allele overrules the recessive one.
Heterozygous Dominant
50
Allele that is only expressed in absence of dominant allele. Low chance to be inherited by the future generation of the current generation.
Recessive Allele
51
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene (TT, tt).
Homozygous
52
Having two different alleles for a particular gene (Tt).
Heterozygous
53
The largest molecule among the previous organic compounds and composed of several nucleotide subunits.
Nucleic Acid
54
A type of informational macromolecule consist monomer called...
Nucleotides
55
Function Group Found in Nucleic Acid
Amino Acid Structure, Phosphate Group
56
The building blocks of nucleic acid.
Nucleotides
57
A nitrogenous base similar to benzene (a six-membered ring) an d include cytosine, thymine, and uracil as bases used for DNA or RNA. Hydrophobic.
Pyrimidines
58
It is a group of nitrogenous bases with 6-numbered rings that fuse in a 5 member
ring in carbon and nitrogen. Hydrophobic.
Purines
59
DNA and RNA is made up of pentose or 5-carbon sugar.
Sugars
60
The bond that linking the two (2) sugar of nucleic acid. Ester bonds that form between sugar and phosphate to form the backbone of nucleic acids.
Phosphodiester Bond
61
Refers to the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. The chemical convention of naming carbon atoms in the nucleotide sugar-ring numerically gives rise to a 5' end and a 3' end.
Directionality
62
The process in which two strand of DNA separate and each strand acts as a template for the synthesis of complementary strands.
DNA Replication
63
Information in the form of base sequence is transformed into mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
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Translate the genetic code into proteins with the help of ribosomes. Nucleus and cytoplasm.
mRNA (Messenger RNA)
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Helps in transferring amino acids to the correct sequence in mRNA. Cytoplasm.
tRNA (Transfer RNA)
66
Structural components of ribosomes.
rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
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Refers to the Instructions Contained In A Gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein.
Genetic Code
68
How many bases does each codon consists of?
Three Bases (Triplets)
69
Total number of codons.
64 Codons
70
Total number of codons code for Amino Acids.
61 Codons Code
71
Stop Codons (Nonsense Codons) that terminate translation.
UAG, UGA, UAA
72
Start Codon (Initiative Codon) for methionine.
AUG
73
Protein synthesis begins with...
Methionine in eukaryotes and formylmethionine in prokaryotes.
74
A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
Codon
75
Aid transporting molecules in our body. It also act like enzymes that break down the food we eat.
Proteins
76
Supports the body and connects our muscles and bones together.
Collagen
77
Monomer of protein. Required for the synthesis of body protein and other important nitrogen-containing compounds, such as creatine, peptide hormones, and some neurotransmitters.
Amino Acids
78
It is used to identify DNA sequence cloned recombinant DNA molecules for further study.
DNA Sequencing
79
Artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or a population of organisms.
Genetic Engineering
80
Various techniques used for the modification or manipulation of organisms through the process of heredity and reproduction.
Genetic Engineering
81
It allows one gene to be inserted into the cell of a different organism.
Genetic Engineering
82
Introduces foreign DNA into the genome.
Genetic Engineering
83
Mating or reproduction of organisms with desirable qualities.
Classical Breeding
84
Process of modifying the characteristic of living things in order to enhance one or more desirable traits by the selection in breeding, controlled by humans.
Classical Breeding
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Does not introduce foreign DNA into the genome.
Classical Breeding
86
Involves mating two members of a species. Each of whom possesses one or more different and desirable traits in order to create a hybrid individual possessing both traits.
Classical Breeding
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Choosing an organism with desirable traits/characteristics and breeding them to produce more desirable ones.
Selective Breeding
88
Creating an organism that is an exact copy of another organism.
Cloning
89
Unwanted chromosomes are removed from the egg cell.
Enucleation
90
Makes copies of specific regions of sequenced DNA.
Polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR
91
A laboratory process used to learn the exact sequence (order) of the four building blocks, or bases, that make up DNA.
DNA Sequencing
92
Production of large numbers of identical recombinant DNA molecules.
Gene Cloning
93
A process of crossing plants and animals with different variations of the same trait to create an organism with the most desirable trait.
Hybridization
94
Use of biological techniques and engineered organisms to make products or plants and animals that have desired traits.
Biotechnology
95
Central Dogma
1. DNA Replication
2. Transcription
3. Translation
96
Creating a copy of a DNA template.
DNA Replication
97
From DNA to RNA - a process of making mRNA.
Transcription
98
From RNA to Proteins.
Translation
99
Genetic material is cut and inserted from one organism to another.
Gene Splicing
100
Organisms that have undergone genetic modification and have foreign materials in them.
Transgenic Organisms
101
A combination of DNA fragments with the DNA from another source.
Exogenous DNA
102
Recombined DNA molecules are inserted into a host organism to produce new organisms or new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.
Recombinant DNA Technology
103
Recombinant DNA is created by...
1. Cutting or cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes (REs).
2. Selection
3. Ligation
4. Transfer
5. Selection Process
6. Sequencing of Gene
104
Restriction enzymes are also called...
Molecular Scissor
105
They cut DNA at a specific target sequence, leaving a single-stranded overhang at the site of the cleavage.
Cutting or Cleavage
106
Selecting an appropriate vector or vehicle which would propagate the recombinant DNA.
Selection
107
Joining together the gene of interest (from animal) with the vector (cut bacterial plasmid). The resulting molecule – Recombinant DNA. It is recombinant in a sense that it is composed of DNA from two different sources.
Ligation
108
Transfer of recombinant plasmid to a host cell.
Transfer
109
To screen which cells actually contain the gene of interest.
Selection Process
110
It is the blueprint that contains the instructions for building an organism, and no understanding of genetic function or evolution could be complete without obtaining this information.
Sequencing of Gene
111
Ways to Introduce Gene
1. Biolistics / Using Gene Gun
2. Plasmid Insertion by Heat Shock Treatment
3. Electroporation
112
Used to fire DNA-coated pellets on plant tissues. Used in plants, mostly.
Biolistics / Using Gene Gun
113
A process used to transfer plasmid DNA to bacteria. The bacteria are given a heat shock, which “encourages” them to take up a plasmid.
Plasmid Insertion by Heat Shock Treatment
114
Done through electric shock. Commonly used for insertion of genes into mammalian cells.
Electroporation
115
Used in cloning contain antibiotic resistance genes. Transportation of gene of source organism to target organism.
Plasmid / Vector
