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General Biology II > Genetic Engineering > Flashcards

Genetic Engineering Flashcards

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1
Q

Created by Gregor Johann Mendel.

A

Mendelian’s Law of Inheritance

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2
Q

Austrian Monk, Botanist, and Father of Genetics and Heredity.

A

Gregor Johann Mendel

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3
Q

In two different alleles, dominant trait will mask the recessive gene.

A

Law of Dominance

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4
Q

Parents with two alleles for genes will pass on one allele to each offspring. Both parents donate one allele.

A

Law of Segregation

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5
Q

Two or more traits are inherited separately from each other and don’t always occur together.

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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6
Q

Pattern of inheritance which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel’s law.

A

Non-Mendelian Inheritance

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7
Q

One allele is partially dominant over another allele resulting in the blending of characteristics (intermediate trait).

A

Incomplete Dominance

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8
Q

One allele is neither dominant over the other allele resulting in full trait expression.

A

Codominance

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9
Q

More than two alleles that control one gene.

A

Multiple Alleles

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10
Q

Test cross between a homozygous Type O father and a heterozygous Type A mother.

A

Sex Related Inheritance

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11
Q

Occurs when genetic traits are inherited on either the X or the chromosome.

A

Sex Related Inheritance

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12
Q

A biological process which involves the transmission of traits or characters from parents to offspring.

A

Sex Related Inheritance

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13
Q

Located on X and Y chromosomes. Can be seen in the chromosome 23.

A

Sex-Linked Traits

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14
Q

Recessive inheritance refers to genetic conditions associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome.

A

X-Linked Traits

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15
Q

Also known as holandric inheritance, traits produced by genes located on y chromosomes. Can be difficult to detect. Can be seen in the male.

A

Y-Linked Traits

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16
Q

Observed mostly in one sex (gender). Commonly traits or characteristics in male and female.

A

Sex-Influenced Traits

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17
Q

Trait is shown in the genes of the sex chromosomes.

A

Sex-Linked Genes

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18
Q

Carries most sex-linked genes, thus mostly males are affected.

A

X-Chromosome

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19
Q

The chemical inside the nucleus of the cell that carries the genetic instructions for making living organisms.

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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20
Q

The material inside the nucleus of cells that carries genetic information.

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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21
Q

One of the threadlike “packages” of genes and other DNA in the nucleus of the cell.

A

Chromosomes

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22
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes, number of autosomes, and number of sex chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 Pairs of Chromosomes, 44 Autosomes, and 2 Sex Chromosomes

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23
Q

Cause malfunction puberty. 46 to 47 chromosome. XXY or XXX.

A

Trisome

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24
Q

A functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring.

A

Genes

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25
Q

Pieces of DNA, and contain the information for making a specific protein.

A

Genes

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26
Q

All the DNA contained in an organism or a cell, which includes the chromosomes and (DNA in the chloroplasts of plant cells).

A

Genome

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27
Q

Plural of gene or population.

A

Genome

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28
Q

Refers to any change in the nucleotide sequence as a result of a failure of the system to revert the change.

A

Mutation

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29
Q

Type of mutation where one or few nucleotides of a gene are affected.

A

Small Scale Mutation

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30
Q

Type of mutation which affects the structure of a whole or part of a
chromosome or part of a chromosome.

A

Large Scale Mutation

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31
Q

Often have similar physical features, such as a flat facial profile, an upward slant to the eyes, small ears, and a tongue, correctable heart defects and developmental delays.

A

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

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32
Q

Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition that results when a boy is born with an extra copy of the X chromosome.

A

Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)

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33
Q

A genetic condition affecting males, and it often isn’t diagnosed until adulthood.

A

Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)

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34
Q

A condition that affects only females, results when one of the X chromosomes (sex chromosomes)is missing or partially missing.

A

Turner Syndrome (X) (XO) (Monosomy X)

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35
Q

Many affected girls do not undergo puberty unless they receive hormone therapy, and most are unable to conceive (infertile).

A

Turner Syndrome (X) (XO) (Monosomy X)

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36
Q

Also known as 5p- (5p minus) syndrome, is a chromosomal condition that results when a piece of chromosome 5 is missing.

A

Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome

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37
Q

Infants with this condition often have a high-pitched cry that sounds like that of a cat.

A

Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome

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38
Q

Uncommon type of cancer of the bone marrow that increases the number of white blood cells in the blood.

A

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (Bone Marrow Cancer)

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39
Q

A serious rare genetic disorder caused by having an additional copy of chromosome 13 in some or all of the body’s cells.

A

Patau’s Syndrome (Trisomy 13)

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40
Q

Genetic condition in babies that causes severe disability.

A

Edward’s Syndrome (Trisomy 18)

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41
Q

It is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 18 and babies born with the condition usually do not survive for much longer than a week.

A

Edward’s Syndrome (Trisomy 18)

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42
Q

The process of pairing and ordering all the chromosomes of an organism, thus providing a genome-wide snapshot of an individual’s chromosomes.

A

Karyotyping

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43
Q

Serves an alternative for karyotyping to determine how does an individual has a certain condition.

A

Pedigree Analysis

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44
Q

A diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next, most commonly humans, show dogs, and race horses.

A

Pedigree Chart

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45
Q

The genetic makeup of an organism.

A

Genotype

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46
Q

The physical characteristics of an organism.

A

Phenotype

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47
Q

Allele that is phenotypically expressed over another allele. High chance to inherit by the future generation of current generation.

A

Dominant Allele

48
Q

If a person inherits two dominant alleles (TT).

A

Homozygous Dominant

49
Q

Two alleles (Tt). The dominant allele overrules the recessive one.

A

Heterozygous Dominant

50
Q

Allele that is only expressed in absence of dominant allele. Low chance to be inherited by the future generation of the current generation.

A

Recessive Allele

51
Q

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene (TT, tt).

A

Homozygous

52
Q

Having two different alleles for a particular gene (Tt).

A

Heterozygous

53
Q

The largest molecule among the previous organic compounds and composed of several nucleotide subunits.

A

Nucleic Acid

54
Q

A type of informational macromolecule consist monomer called…

A

Nucleotides

55
Q

Function Group Found in Nucleic Acid

A

Amino Acid Structure, Phosphate Group

56
Q

The building blocks of nucleic acid.

A

Nucleotides

57
Q

A nitrogenous base similar to benzene (a six-membered ring) an d include cytosine, thymine, and uracil as bases used for DNA or RNA. Hydrophobic.

A

Pyrimidines

58
Q

It is a group of nitrogenous bases with 6-numbered rings that fuse in a 5 member
ring in carbon and nitrogen. Hydrophobic.

A

Purines

59
Q

DNA and RNA is made up of pentose or 5-carbon sugar.

A

Sugars

60
Q

The bond that linking the two (2) sugar of nucleic acid. Ester bonds that form between sugar and phosphate to form the backbone of nucleic acids.

A

Phosphodiester Bond

61
Q

Refers to the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. The chemical convention of naming carbon atoms in the nucleotide sugar-ring numerically gives rise to a 5’ end and a 3’ end.

A

Directionality

62
Q

The process in which two strand of DNA separate and each strand acts as a template for the synthesis of complementary strands.

A

DNA Replication

63
Q

Information in the form of base sequence is transformed into mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

A

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

64
Q

Translate the genetic code into proteins with the help of ribosomes. Nucleus and cytoplasm.

A

mRNA (Messenger RNA)

65
Q

Helps in transferring amino acids to the correct sequence in mRNA. Cytoplasm.

A

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

66
Q

Structural components of ribosomes.

A

rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

67
Q

Refers to the Instructions Contained In A Gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein.

A

Genetic Code

68
Q

How many bases does each codon consists of?

A

Three Bases (Triplets)

69
Q

Total number of codons.

A

64 Codons

70
Q

Total number of codons code for Amino Acids.

A

61 Codons Code

71
Q

Stop Codons (Nonsense Codons) that terminate translation.

A

UAG, UGA, UAA

72
Q

Start Codon (Initiative Codon) for methionine.

A

AUG

73
Q

Protein synthesis begins with…

A

Methionine in eukaryotes and formylmethionine in prokaryotes.

74
Q

A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

A

Codon

75
Q

Aid transporting molecules in our body. It also act like enzymes that break down the food we eat.

A

Proteins

76
Q

Supports the body and connects our muscles and bones together.

A

Collagen

77
Q

Monomer of protein. Required for the synthesis of body protein and other important nitrogen-containing compounds, such as creatine, peptide hormones, and some neurotransmitters.

A

Amino Acids

78
Q

It is used to identify DNA sequence cloned recombinant DNA molecules for further study.

A

DNA Sequencing

79
Q

Artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or a population of organisms.

A

Genetic Engineering

80
Q

Various techniques used for the modification or manipulation of organisms through the process of heredity and reproduction.

A

Genetic Engineering

81
Q

It allows one gene to be inserted into the cell of a different organism.

A

Genetic Engineering

82
Q

Introduces foreign DNA into the genome.

A

Genetic Engineering

83
Q

Mating or reproduction of organisms with desirable qualities.

A

Classical Breeding

84
Q

Process of modifying the characteristic of living things in order to enhance one or more desirable traits by the selection in breeding, controlled by humans.

A

Classical Breeding

85
Q

Does not introduce foreign DNA into the genome.

A

Classical Breeding

86
Q

Involves mating two members of a species. Each of whom possesses one or more different and desirable traits in order to create a hybrid individual possessing both traits.

A

Classical Breeding

87
Q

Choosing an organism with desirable traits/characteristics and breeding them to produce more desirable ones.

A

Selective Breeding

88
Q

Creating an organism that is an exact copy of another organism.

A

Cloning

89
Q

Unwanted chromosomes are removed from the egg cell.

A

Enucleation

90
Q

Makes copies of specific regions of sequenced DNA.

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR

91
Q

A laboratory process used to learn the exact sequence (order) of the four building blocks, or bases, that make up DNA.

A

DNA Sequencing

92
Q

Production of large numbers of identical recombinant DNA molecules.

A

Gene Cloning

93
Q

A process of crossing plants and animals with different variations of the same trait to create an organism with the most desirable trait.

A

Hybridization

94
Q

Use of biological techniques and engineered organisms to make products or plants and animals that have desired traits.

A

Biotechnology

95
Q

Central Dogma

A
  1. DNA Replication
  2. Transcription
  3. Translation
96
Q

Creating a copy of a DNA template.

A

DNA Replication

97
Q

From DNA to RNA - a process of making mRNA.

A

Transcription

98
Q

From RNA to Proteins.

A

Translation

99
Q

Genetic material is cut and inserted from one organism to another.

A

Gene Splicing

100
Q

Organisms that have undergone genetic modification and have foreign materials in them.

A

Transgenic Organisms

101
Q

A combination of DNA fragments with the DNA from another source.

A

Exogenous DNA

102
Q

Recombined DNA molecules are inserted into a host organism to produce new organisms or new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.

A

Recombinant DNA Technology

103
Q

Recombinant DNA is created by…

A
  1. Cutting or cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes (REs).
  2. Selection
  3. Ligation
  4. Transfer
  5. Selection Process
  6. Sequencing of Gene
104
Q

Restriction enzymes are also called…

A

Molecular Scissor

105
Q

They cut DNA at a specific target sequence, leaving a single-stranded overhang at the site of the cleavage.

A

Cutting or Cleavage

106
Q

Selecting an appropriate vector or vehicle which would propagate the recombinant DNA.

A

Selection

107
Q

Joining together the gene of interest (from animal) with the vector (cut bacterial plasmid). The resulting molecule – Recombinant DNA. It is recombinant in a sense that it is composed of DNA from two different sources.

A

Ligation

108
Q

Transfer of recombinant plasmid to a host cell.

A

Transfer

109
Q

To screen which cells actually contain the gene of interest.

A

Selection Process

110
Q

It is the blueprint that contains the instructions for building an organism, and no understanding of genetic function or evolution could be complete without obtaining this information.

A

Sequencing of Gene

111
Q

Ways to Introduce Gene

A
  1. Biolistics / Using Gene Gun
  2. Plasmid Insertion by Heat Shock Treatment
  3. Electroporation
112
Q

Used to fire DNA-coated pellets on plant tissues. Used in plants, mostly.

A

Biolistics / Using Gene Gun

113
Q

A process used to transfer plasmid DNA to bacteria. The bacteria are given a heat shock, which “encourages” them to take up a plasmid.

A

Plasmid Insertion by Heat Shock Treatment

114
Q

Done through electric shock. Commonly used for insertion of genes into mammalian cells.

A

Electroporation

115
Q

Used in cloning contain antibiotic resistance genes. Transportation of gene of source organism to target organism.

A

Plasmid / Vector

General Biology II (7 decks)

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