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Bio 2: Genes and Health > Genetic Code + DNA > Flashcards

Genetic Code + DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a gene?

A

A sequence of mononucleotide bases on a DNA molecule coding for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain which produces a protein that results in a characteristic

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2
Q

What is the genome?

A

All the genes in an organism/species

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3
Q

What is the proteome?

A

Full range of proteins that a cell can make

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4
Q

What do chromosomes in cells carry? 2

A
  • A large amount of DNA

- Numerous genes

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5
Q

What is genetic code?

A

The sequence of base triplets [codes] in DNA/mRNA coding for specific amino acids

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6
Q

What is a codon?

A

A base triplet coding for an amino acid

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7
Q

4 words to describe genetic code

A
  • Universal
  • Degenerate
  • Non overlapping
  • Triplet code
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8
Q

Why is genetic code non overlapping?

A

Each triplet code is adjacent and seperate, doesn’t share bases

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9
Q

Why is genetic code degenerate?

A
  • More possible combinations of triplets than amino acids

- Some amino acids code for more than 1 triplet

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10
Q

Why is genetic code universal?

A
  • It is the same genetic code in all living organisms, codes for the same proteins
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11
Q

What are start and stop codons?

A

Codons telling cell when to start and stop gene production

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12
Q

Where are start and stop codons found?

A

At the beginning and the end of the gene

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13
Q

What is a mononucleotide?

A

A monomer that makes up polynucleotides e.g DNA and RNA

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14
Q

What bonds to what in DNA?

A

Phosphate to pentose to nitrogen containing base

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15
Q

What are mononucleotides made up of?

A
  • Phosphate group
  • Pentose sugar
  • Nitrogen containing base
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16
Q

What are mononucleotides joined by?

A

Condensation reactions

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17
Q

What is the full name of DNA?

A

Deoxyribosenucleic Acid

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18
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

To store genetic code which contains instructions for coding for the characteristics of an organism

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19
Q

What does DNA control?

A

Manufacture of proteins

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20
Q

What bases does DNA have?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
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21
Q

What type of sugar is in RNA nucleotides?

A

Ribose

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22
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Long polynucleotides

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23
Q

What is RNA made up of?

A

Short polynucleotides

24
Q

What is different about RNA bases compared to DNA bases?

A

Uracil replaces thymine as a base

25
Q

What is the full name of RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid

26
Q

What is the main function of RNA?

A

To transfer genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

27
Q

Where do polynucleotides bond?

A

Between the phosphate group of 1 mononucleotide and the sugar group of another

28
Q

What is the by product of condensation reactions?

A

Water

29
Q

What type of bond forms between mononucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester

30
Q

How many polynucleotide strands make up DNA?

A

2 - double stranded

31
Q

How many polynucleotide strands make up RNA?

A

1 - single stranded

32
Q

How are the 2 polynucleotide strands in DNA joined?

A

Hydrogen bonds between bases

33
Q

Why are the 2 strands of DNA described as “antiparallel”?

A

They run in opposite directions

34
Q

Why do 2 DNA strands run in opposite directions? 2

A
  • The hydrophilic phosphate groups are outside the molecule

- The hydrophobic bases lie within the molecule

35
Q

What is complimentary base pairing?

A

Each base can only join with one specific partner

36
Q

How do DNA bases join up?

A

Adenine to Thymine

Cytosine to Guanine

37
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between A and T?

A

2

38
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between C and G?

A

3

39
Q

How do the 2 antiparallel strands form a double helix?

A

They twist

40
Q

Why did scientists doubt DNA could carry genetic code?

A

It had a relatively simple chemical composition

41
Q

What did other scientists argue must carry genetic info and why?

A

Proteins - more chemically varied

42
Q

Define codon

A

Triplet of bases coding for a specific amino acid

43
Q

Define “gene mutation”

A

Changes to the base sequence of DNA during DNA replication

44
Q

List the types of gene mutation 5

A
  • Insertion
  • Deletion
  • Substitution
  • Inversion
  • Duplication
45
Q

What is substitution?

A

When one base is swapped for another

46
Q

What is deletion and how is it a mutation?

A
  • One base is removed
  • Causes a frame shift
  • Changes all following codons
47
Q

What is insertion?

A

An extra base is added

48
Q

What is duplication?

A

One/more bases is repeated

49
Q

What is inversion?

A

Sequence of bases is reversed

50
Q

What are the 3 theories of DNA replication?

A
  • Fragmentation
  • Semi conservative replication
  • Conservative replication
51
Q

Explain the theory of fragmentation in DNA replication

A

Parent DNA breaks into segments and new nucleotides fill the gaps randomly

52
Q

Explain the theory of semi conservative DNA replication 3

A
  • Parent DNA molecule separated into 2 strands
  • Each strand becomes a template for formation of complementary strand
  • 2 new daughter DNA molecules: 1/2 parent DNA 1/2 new DNA from nucleotides
53
Q

Explain the theory of conservative DNA replication 2

A
  • Parent DNA molecule acts as template for new daughter molecule assembled from free nucleotides
  • Parent DNA is unchanged
54
Q

Explain how Meselson and Stahl proved semi conservative replication - 7

A
  • Bacteria [E.coli] grown in medium of heavy 15n isotope
  • All bacterial DNA contains heavy nitrogen
  • Then fed on medium containing light 14n isotope
  • Allowed to replicate a few times
  • Bacterial DNA is extracted and centrifuged
  • Shows up in centrifuge tube as a band in the middle of the tube as DNA is half heavy and half light
  • After replicating twice, one intermediate band in the middle and one light band at the top
  • Some of the DNA is 1/2 heavy, 1/2 light and some is all light
55
Q

Explain DNA replication - 7

A
  • DNA helicase unwinds DNA
  • By breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
  • Forms 2 single strands - each original strand acts as template strand
  • New DNA nucleotides pair with complementary bases on template strand
  • DNA polymerase joins nucleotides together in condensation reaction by forming hydrogen bonds between the bases
  • There are now 4 DNA strands which wind back up to form 4 DNA helixes
56
Q

How is DNA antiparallel and why?

A
  • Nucleotides arranged oppositely

- DNA polyermase is an enzyme whose active site only binds to nucleotides at 1 end

57
Q

How is DNA replication semi conservative?

A

Each new DNA molecule has one strand of original DNA and one stand of new nucleotides

Bio 2: Genes and Health (9 decks)

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