Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Question 1

Biological Approach

Answer 1

Focus on genetic, hormonal, and neurochemical explanations of behavior.

Question 2

Psychoanalysis

Answer 2

Innate drives of sex and aggression (nature). Social upbringing during childhood (nurture).

Question 3

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 3

Innate mental structures such as schemas, perception and memory and constantly changed by the environment.

Question 4

Humanism

Answer 4

Maslow emphasized basic physical needs. Society influences a person’s self concept.

Question 5

Behaviorism

Answer 5

All behavior is learned from the environment through conditioning.

Question 6

Alleles

Answer 6

Two forms of the same gene, on inherited from each parent.

Question 7

Homozygous

Answer 7

Both alleles are alike.

Question 8

Heterozygous

Answer 8

Alleles differ.

Question 9

Down Syndrome

Answer 9

Extra 21st chromosome (Trisomy 21).

Question 10

Bidirectional Influences

Answer 10

Each member of the family influences each other member.

Question 11

Coparenting

Answer 11

Supporting each other in parenting.

Question 12

Socioeconomic Status

Answer 12

Economic and sociological combined total measure of a person’s work experiences and of an individual’s or family’s economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation.

Question 13

Kinship Studies

Answer 13

Looks at characteristics of family members.

Question 14

Gene-environment Interaction

Answer 14

Individuals react to environments differently based on genetics.

Question 15

Canalization

Answer 15

Development is restricted to one or few outcomes, difficult for environment to change.

Question 16

Passive Correlation

Answer 16

Young children have no control over their environment

Question 17

Evocative Correlation

Answer 17

Children’s behavior influences the environment of the household.

Question 18

Active Correlation

Answer 18

Children choose different environments as they grow older.

Question 19

Mainstream Culture

Answer 19

The dominate culture in a society.

Question 20

Subculture

Answer 20

Beliefs and customs that differ from mainstream culture.

Question 21

Collectivistic Societies

Answer 21

Focus is on the good of the group as a whole, stress group priorities over individual.

Question 22

Individualistic Societies

Answer 22

These people focus on their own needs alright.