Genes module 6

Question 1

Transcription: how it works

Answer 1

Transcription Factors (some work, others don’t)
Initiation:
Elongation:
Termination:

Question 2

Initiation (transcription)

Answer 2

1st Step:
In nucleus, RNA plymerase Recognizes site to start :promoter… RNA polymerase then separates the DNA into single strands–> so can be read in the 3’ to 5’ direction

Question 3

Elongation (transcription)

Answer 3

2) Pre-mRNA are quickly paired with complementary bases. Uses Thymine instead of Uracil

Question 4

Termination (transcription)

Answer 4

3) Reaches Terminator signal– Separation of RNA &DNA. Then the two DNA strands rejoin. Newly formed pre-mRNA fucks off somewhere else

Question 5

DNA vs RNA: Base Pairs

Answer 5

DNA: AT GC
RNA: AU GC

Question 6

mRNA Post Transcription Modifications

Answer 6

1st step- Splicing- cuts out introns (proteins for coding)- Leaves Exons

2) 3ps to 5”– Add the 3 Ps :Capping
3) 5As to the 3’– Polyadenylation
4) make it functional–> on to Translation

Question 7

Translation

Answer 7

1)mRNA attaches to Ribosome (in cytoplasm)
2) Protein/ aminoacid chains formed by the Transfer RNA (tRNA)
tRNAs are doing the bitch work.. being the gofor…
Transfer translation station on the Ribo…

Question 8

Start and Stop Codons

Answer 8

AUG— augghh time to start
UAA—whoaa- time to quit
UAG—stop
UGA– stop, uga uaga– qittin time?

Question 9

Post Translation Modifications: the 4 types

Answer 9

Primary- amino acids- (kinda basic chain)
Secondary- 2 paralle beta sheets– looping
Tertiary: Loop a doops shift around
Quatarinry– When our powers combine!!! 4 different enzymes form a structure

Question 10

DNA mutations: The types

Answer 10

1) Alteration of Chromosome #– lose one/ conjoined twins
2) Alt of single nucleotide (point mutation)- Substituion, -,+
3) Redundancy of code– gives you a margin for error

Question 11

DNA Mutations: Profound Consequences

Answer 11

1) missense: change amino acid
2) frameshift: change entire gene from mutation forward
3) nonsense: stop gene from being produced (stop codons)

Question 12

Point Mutations:

Answer 12

Alteration of single nucleotide within DNA

Changes your entire frame of reference– Can fuck you up

Question 13

They way Chromosome Abnormalities happen…

Answer 13

1) Whole chromosome nondisjunction– fail to separate–> monosomy (sperm/egg doesnt have 1… 1+0=1) or trisomy (both stuck +1=tri)
2) Partial Chromosome Breakage: deletion, duplication, inversion (2 break and reinsert)
3) Translocation: moving material to non-compitable chromosomes
4) Fragile Sites: chromo prone to breaky…