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Molecular Genetics > Genes, Chromosomes, Genomes > Flashcards

Genes, Chromosomes, Genomes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

there is a directional flow from DNA to protein via the messenger RNA (mRNA)

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2
Q

What is DNA transcribed to?

A

mRNA

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3
Q

What is mRNA translated to?

A

protein

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4
Q

What is gene expression?

A

process of going from DNA to protein

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5
Q

What is a codon?

A

triplets of bases that code for an amino acid

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6
Q

What are the three components to the chemical makeup of DNA?

A

Pentose sugar
Nucleotides
Phosphate groups

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7
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

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8
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine

Guanine

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9
Q

What is the difference betweeen pyrimidines and purines?

A

purines contain a sixmembered nitrogencontaining ring fused to an imidazole ring
whereas pyrimidines contain only a sixmembered nitrogencontaining ring

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10
Q

What makes a nucleoside?

A

base + sugar

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11
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

monomer unit of DNA/RNA

base + sugar + phosphate group

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12
Q

What does a phosphodiester bond link?

A

Phosphate and sugar group for the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA

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13
Q

What are combinations of base pairs?

A

G-C

A-T/U

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14
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between G-C bases?

A

3

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15
Q

How many hydrogen bonds can adenine form to another base?

A

2

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16
Q

Which bonds are stronge A-T or G-C?

A

G-C

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17
Q

What is hybridisation?

A

process of combining two complementary single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules

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18
Q

What is renaturation also reffered to as?

A

hybridisation

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19
Q

True or False?

Tm is the temp at which all the DNA has melted?

A

False

Tm is when half the DNA has melted

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20
Q

True or False?

Tm is lower in DNA with high G-C content

A

False

Tm is higher in DNA with high G-C content

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21
Q

True or False?

GC rich regions of DNA are more strongly bonded

A

True

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22
Q

True or False?

Repeats in DNA sequences lead to longer renaturation times

A

False

repeats hybridise faster because there are more copies

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23
Q

How much of the human genome is actually genes?

A

~25%

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24
Q

What percent of the human genome encodes for proteins?

A

~1.5%

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25
Q

What is an allele?

A

different forms of genes

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26
Q

What study found that genes lie on chromosomes?

A

1910

Thomas Hunt Morgan

27
Q

Who found that Chromosomes contain genes in linear array?

A

19-13

Alfred Henry Sturtevant

28
Q

What is most of the gene made of?

A

Introns and regulatory DNA sequences

29
Q

What is a gene?

A

stretch of DNA that functions as a unit to give rise to either RNA or a protein

30
Q

What is the sense strand also reffered to as?

A

The coding strand

31
Q

What is the antisense strand also reffered to as?

A

The template strand

32
Q

What happens to the sense strand?

A

Transcribed to RNA and then translated into a protein

33
Q

Which strand is the coding strand?

A

The sense strand which can be either strand of the DNA strand

34
Q

What does DNA having antiparallel strands result in?

A

the strand can be read either way to give different proteins

35
Q

True or False?

A gene encodes one (or many) polypeptides or structural RNAs

A

True

36
Q

True or False?

Genes on the same chromosome segregate independently

A

False

Genes on different chromosomes segregate independently genes on the same chromosome are said to be linked

37
Q

True or False?

Most of the human genome is made up of gene sequences

A

False

Only ~25% of human genome is made of genes

38
Q

True or False?

Most of the gene sequence is used to encode the protein

A

False

Mostly control sites and introns (in eukaryotes)

39
Q

What are control sites?

A

provide binding sites for proteins

regulate gene expression

40
Q

What are coding regions?

A

expressed via RNA synthesis

41
Q

What are promoters and terminates?

A

Control regions

42
Q

What does a promoter do?

A

Contain binding sites for transcription machinery (RNA polymerases)
Contain binding sites for regulatory factors that control when and where a gene is expressed

43
Q

What does a terminator do?

A

Sites which signal when synthesis of mRNA should cease

44
Q

Compared to prokaryotic genes in the control regions what extra parts do they have?

A

Enhancer regions

45
Q

Compared to prokaryotic genes in the coding region what extra parts do they have?

A

introns and exons

46
Q

What are exons?

A

Sequences that encode protein in the final/mature mRNA

47
Q

What are introns

A

Sequences which break up the coding sequence
Need to be removed during maturation of mRNA
Few and small in simple organisms
More common and can be large in higher eukaryotes

48
Q

What does splicing do?

A

removes introns and links the coding sequences found in exons

49
Q

What flank the coding region to allow accurate splicing?

A

short donor and acceptor sites

50
Q

What mediates splicing?

A

The spliceosome

51
Q

What is snRNA?

A

small nuclear RNA

52
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

Different exons from a gene used to code for various proteins

53
Q

True or False?

Control regions are expressed mRNA synthesis

A

False

Coding regions are expressed mRNA synthesis

54
Q

True or False

Introns are sequences that encode the mature mRNA

A

False
Introns are spacer regions between exons
exons encode for mature mRNA

55
Q

True or False?

Promoters are used to control gene expression and are found downstream of the coding region

A

False

Promoter regions are usually found upstream of coding region

56
Q

True or False?
Alternative splicing is where different exons from the same coding region can be ligated to form alternative mRNAs leading to many different protein sequences

A

True

57
Q

What is the genome?

A

The entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

58
Q

What is the functional unit of the genome?

A

the gene

59
Q

How many base pairs in the human genome?

A

over 3 billion

60
Q

How many base pairs in the E.coli genome?

A

4.6million

61
Q

Do closely related species need to have similar number of chromosomes?

A

Nope

62
Q

What is probably the minimum number of required genes for a viable cell?

A

200-300 genes

63
Q

What is mycoplasma labatorium?

A

a simple synthetic organisms

created by Craig Venter

64
Q

What is a metagenome?

A

The sequencing of the collective genomes of all microorganisms that exist within a particular environment

Molecular Genetics (4 decks)

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