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Biology > Genes And Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Genes And Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA bases that code for a polypeptide.

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2
Q

What is an allele?

A

A different form of gene

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3
Q

What is a locus?

A

The fixed position on a particular chromosome that a gene occupies

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4
Q

How many amino acids does a human cell need to code for?

A

20

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5
Q

What type of coding does DNA have?

A

A triplet code, meaning three bases code for one amino acid

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6
Q

What are three features of the triplet code in DNA?

A

Universal- a triplet code will always code for the same protein
Degenerate- some amino acids may be coded for by more than one triplet
Non-overlapping- each base is only part of one triplet code

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7
Q

Why is the DNA triplet code become degenerate?

A

There are 64 possible codes but only 20 amino acids need to be coded for, it also reduces the effects of an6 mutations on the final protein

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8
Q

How does a gene code for information?

A

Its specific sequence of bases on 1 strand of DNA contriol the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide, therefore determines the primary structure and subsequently the secondary/tertiary structure of a protein

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9
Q

What are the main three types of Ribonucleic acids?

A

Ribosomal RNA
messenger RNA
Transfer RNA

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10
Q

What is ribosomal RNA used for?

A

When together with proteins it makes ribosomes, which are used for mRNA translation and protein synthesis

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11
Q

Describe the structure of mRNA

A

Comsists of thousands of nucleotides in a single linear strand.
Its base sequence is complimentary to the DNA it is made from
It codes for amino acids by a triplet of bases called a codon.

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12
Q

Where is mRNA made and whereelse is it found?

A

Made in the nucleus, found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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13
Q

Why does mRNA have unpaired bases?

A

So it can be easily broken down in the cytoplasm, as it only needs to exist temporarily until the protein is made

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14
Q

Desecibe the structure of tRNA

A

It is the shortest RNA moelcules, made of around 80 nucleotides.
Single polypeptide strand that folds back on itself, into a clover shape. Hydrogen bonds form between complimentary sections of the molecule when it folds, making it more stable
One end lf chain attaches to specific amino acid, the other end has a sequence of three bases called anticodon

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15
Q

What is meant by non-coding DNA?

A

DNA in the nucleus that does not code for protein synthesis. It is found between genes and comtains multiple repeats lf base sequences. These are called variable number tandem repeats

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16
Q

What are variable number tandem repeats?

A

Repeats of base sequences found in non-coding DNA between genes. They are important for genetic fingerprinting

17
Q

What are introns?

A

Introns are non- coding sections of DNA found WITHIN genes

18
Q

What are the differnces between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA?

A

Prokaryotic- non-linear, not associated with histone proteins, doesnt contain introns
Eukaryotic- linear, associated with histone proteins, contains introns

19
Q

What is a genome?

A

A complete set of genes in a cell

20
Q

What is a proteome?

A

Full range of proteins that a cell is able to produce

21
Q

Why do some cells have the same gemone?

A

They contain identical DNA due to mitosis

22
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of making pre-mRNA IN eukaryotic cells, using a part of DNA as a template

23
Q

Explain the process of transcription

A

Hydrogen bonds between DNA bases are broken, separates DNA polypeptide strands.
ONE strand of DNA acts as a template for mRNA. free RNA nucleotides in nucleoplasm are attracted to the exposed DNA bases, and align by complimentary base pairing.
RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides together via phospodiester bonds, to create an RNA polypeptide. This creates pre mRNA
Introns are removed and exons are spliced back together before mRNA leaves the nucleus via nucleus pores.

24
Q

What is translation?

A

Occurs on ribosomes and is the translation of mRNA message into a specifoc sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide

25
Q

Explain the process of translation

A

An mRNA attaches to a ribosome. A tRNA anitcodon binds to the codon of the mRNA molecule, by compimentary base pairing, bringing a specific amino acid with it.
Two tRNA molecules are held at a ribosome at any one time
Using ATP, a peptide bond forms between adjacent amino acids.
The tRNA molecules are released once their amino acid has been added to the growing polypeptide chain.
The ribosome moves along the mRNA molecule, forming polypeptide until a stop codon is reached and the ribosome and mRNA dissociate

Biology (14 decks)

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