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PSY113 biological psychology > genes and environment 1 and 2 > Flashcards

genes and environment 1 and 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an autosome

A

chromosomes 1 through to 22

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2
Q

what is an allosome

A

sex chromosome

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3
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have

A

23

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4
Q

what are the chromosomes for females

A

XX

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5
Q

what are the chromosomes for males

A

XY

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6
Q

what are genes

A

lengths of DNA on the chromosome at the same loci as the homologous pair that codes for proteins

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7
Q

what is the estimated number of genes

A

20,000-25,000

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8
Q

what is the estimated number of base pairs

A

3 billion

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9
Q

what are the nucleotide bases

A

adenine-thymine
cytosine-guanine

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10
Q

what is 3 sets of base pairs called

A

codon which corresponds to an amino acid

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11
Q

what percentage of genome codes for proteins

A

1%, the rest is either junk or regulatory

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12
Q

how do amino acids form proteins

A

combine to form peptides which fold into proteins

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13
Q

what are the parts of protein synthesis

A

transcription and translation

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14
Q

what happens in transcription

A

dna unravelled revealing certain genes
mrna forms mirror copy

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15
Q

what happens in translation

A

mrna leaves nucleus to ribosome
translation in ribosome binds codon to amino acid and forms a peptide

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16
Q

what is an allele

A

same strip of dna with a subtle difference causing slight variation

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17
Q

how does sickle cell anemia occur

A

change of one base pair
example of single nucleotide polymorphism SNP

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18
Q

what are SNPs associated with

A

e.g
-ADHD
-lactose intolerance
-eye colour

19
Q

what is deletion

A

part of dna missing

20
Q

what is inversion

A

segment of chromosome removed and reinserted opposite to original orientation

21
Q

duplications

A

segment copied to homologous pair

22
Q

reciprocal translocation

A

segments of non homologous chromosomes swap locations

23
Q

what problems can occur when there are mutations with dna

A

down syndrome- translocation/duplication
turners’- partial deletion
cat eye- duplication
haemophilia- inversion/insertion

24
Q

jacobsen syndrome

A

-loss from chromosome II
-genes here are critical for development
-symptoms: heart defects, intellectual disability, wide set eyes etc

25
Q

Kleinfelter’s

A

-extra X chromosome in males
-symptoms: tall, small testicles, lack of facial/pubic hair, breast tissue develops, impaired cog. function, lack of muscle growth

26
Q

what are the two types of genes

A

dominant or recessive

27
Q

homozygous

A

two dominant/recessive genes, alleles are the same

28
Q

heterozygote

A

one dominant and one recessive gene, alleles are different

29
Q

hemizygous

A

only one allele

30
Q

what are polygenic traits

A

traits that require multiple genes

31
Q

examples of polygenic traits

A

eye colour (16+ genes)
height (400 genes)
brain function (6-7000 genes)

32
Q

what are genetic disorders

A

-disorders have little environmental input
e.g single gene disorders like huntingtons
e.g chromosomal disorders like down syndrome

33
Q

what is genetic vulnerability

A

-involves many genes and environmental influences
e.g schizophrenia and depression

34
Q

what are SNPs

A

single nucleotide polymorphisms

35
Q

what SNP is associated with Sz in humans

A

DISC1

-if DISC1 switched off in mice during last week of fetal development they show symptoms of sz

36
Q

what is the diathesis stress model

A

links underlying genetic vulnerability e.g nerves fire too fast after consumption of drugs or exposure to stress and environmental stressors

37
Q

environmental influence on expression

A

some traits develop rigidly
-hand, eye, fixed action patterns FAP, imprinting

some traits are highly flexible
-intelligence in children, religion, height, body fat %

38
Q

what is the epigenetic landscape

A

metaphor by Waddington 1939
-image represents how some traits take a huge environmental influence to change the course of expression whilst other traits in smaller ridges can easily be changed

39
Q

what are the types of studies into genes

A

-family studies
-adoption studies
-MZ and DZ twin studies

40
Q

what is behavioural genetics

A

-research to determine what component of a characteristic is due to genes and shared environment AND what is the other factor
-e.g if there is 80% concordance for MZ twins (genes and shared environment) what causes the remaining 20% to not have concordance (non shared environment)
-this can be repeated on DZ twins, say the concordance is 65% and we know from MZ twins that 20% is due to shared environment then the remaining 15% is genetic differences
-known as the ACE model: Additive genetics, common environment, unique environment

41
Q

what are protective factors

A

-factors that prevent development of a disorder despite genetic vulnerability and stressors
-e.g personality, coping methods, social support, medication

42
Q

what are examples of external influences

A

-viruses and other pathogens
-smog
-climate change etc
-epigenetics

43
Q

how do epigenetics impact future generations

A

a women who smokes whilst pregnant changes 3 generations at once, herself, her daughter and her daughter’s offspring

44
Q

what is DNA methylation

A

marker scientists use to turn certain instructions on or off

PSY113 biological psychology (5 decks)

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