Genes Flashcards
What makes you who you are?
We all have characteristics and traits based on what we inherited by our parents in our genes. In addition, environment plats a role in our genes as well.
Modifications to Mendelian Genetics
- Genetic linkage
- sex-linked genes
- chromosomal alterations
- non-traditional patterns of inheritance
Genes
- sequences of nucleotides in DNA
- arranged linearly in chromosomes
Do all genes assort independently?
- Not true for all genes because some genes are inherited together
- this is because they are linked genes (on the same chromosome)
Linked genes
Genes carried on the same chromosome
- linked during transmission from parent to offspring
- inherited like single genes
Is there a way t separate two alleles on the same chromosome?
Yes. Through recombination (Prophase 1 in meiosis)
Drosophilia melanogaster
A fruit fly
- model organism for animal genetics
- Morgan-first genetic map
- used to test linkage and recombination
- easy, cheap, fast reproduction time, easy to change DNA
Key to crossing over
The closer two genes are the more linked they are because there is less change of crossing over between them
Normal alleles
- usually the most common allele
- designated by the “+” symbol
- usually dominant
Dihybrid Testcross Ratio
1:1:1:1
Recombination Frequency
=# of recombinants/ total progeny
Double cross over
gene moves during crossover but comes back in a second crossover
Can genes on the same chromosome ever assort independently?
Widely separated linked genes often recombine, which makes them appear to assort independently.
50% recombination frequency=independent assortment `
Why is there a 50% max
recombination only between 2 of the 4 chromatids so only half of the gametes will have the recombined chromosomes
Autosomes
all chromosomes EXCEPT the sex chromosomes
Human X chromosome
large (2350 genes)
many x-linked genes are nonsexual traits
Human Y chromosome
small (few genes)
very little homology with the X chromosome
contains SRY gene