Genes Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes you who you are?

A

We all have characteristics and traits based on what we inherited by our parents in our genes. In addition, environment plats a role in our genes as well.

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2
Q

Modifications to Mendelian Genetics

A
  1. Genetic linkage
  2. sex-linked genes
  3. chromosomal alterations
  4. non-traditional patterns of inheritance
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3
Q

Genes

A
  • sequences of nucleotides in DNA

- arranged linearly in chromosomes

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4
Q

Do all genes assort independently?

A
  • Not true for all genes because some genes are inherited together
  • this is because they are linked genes (on the same chromosome)
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5
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes carried on the same chromosome

  • linked during transmission from parent to offspring
  • inherited like single genes
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6
Q

Is there a way t separate two alleles on the same chromosome?

A

Yes. Through recombination (Prophase 1 in meiosis)

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7
Q

Drosophilia melanogaster

A

A fruit fly

  • model organism for animal genetics
  • Morgan-first genetic map
  • used to test linkage and recombination
  • easy, cheap, fast reproduction time, easy to change DNA
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8
Q

Key to crossing over

A

The closer two genes are the more linked they are because there is less change of crossing over between them

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9
Q

Normal alleles

A
  • usually the most common allele
  • designated by the “+” symbol
  • usually dominant
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10
Q

Dihybrid Testcross Ratio

A

1:1:1:1

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11
Q

Recombination Frequency

A

=# of recombinants/ total progeny

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12
Q

Double cross over

A

gene moves during crossover but comes back in a second crossover

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13
Q

Can genes on the same chromosome ever assort independently?

A

Widely separated linked genes often recombine, which makes them appear to assort independently.
50% recombination frequency=independent assortment `

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14
Q

Why is there a 50% max

A

recombination only between 2 of the 4 chromatids so only half of the gametes will have the recombined chromosomes

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15
Q

Autosomes

A

all chromosomes EXCEPT the sex chromosomes

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16
Q

Human X chromosome

A

large (2350 genes)

many x-linked genes are nonsexual traits

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17
Q

Human Y chromosome

A

small (few genes)
very little homology with the X chromosome
contains SRY gene

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18
Q

Sex linkage

A

female need 2 copies of X-linked alleles (homo recessive)

males need 1 copy of X-linked allele

19
Q

X-linked recessive traits more common in males

A

red-green color blindness, homophilia

20
Q

Pedigree chart

A

shows the genotype and phenotype in a family’s past generations
square=male, circle=female,blue=wild type, red=homozygous

21
Q

Dosage compensation

A

in female mammals, inactivation of one X chromosome makes the dosage of X-linked genes the same as males
occurs during embryonic development

22
Q

Barr Body

A

random inactivation of either X chromosome by condensation

  • attached to side of nucleus
  • copied during mitosis but always remains inactive
23
Q

Deletion

A

broken segment lost from chromosome

24
Q

Duplication

A

broken segment inserted into homologous chromosome

25
Q

Translocation

A

broken segment attached to nonhomologous chromosome

26
Q

Inversion

A

broken segment re-attached in reversed orientation

27
Q

CML

A

cancer of white blood cells

28
Q

ABL gene

A
  • next to the BCR gene it becomes overactive
  • codes for tyrosine kinase
  • cells grow out of control
29
Q

Gleevac

A

drug that inhibits tyrosine kinase

30
Q

Nondisjunction

A

failure of homologous pair separation during meiosis I

increases with womans age

31
Q

Misdivision

A

failure of chromatid separation during meiosis II

32
Q

Euploids

A

normal number of chromosomes

33
Q

Aneuploids

A

extra or missing chromosomes

usually prevent embryo development (except downs)

34
Q

Polyploids

A

extra sets of chromosomes because the spindle fails during cell division
common and helpful in plants

35
Q

Modes of inheritance

A
  1. Autosomal recessive inheritance
  2. autosomal dominant inheritance
  3. X-linked recessive inheritance
  4. Nontraditional patterns of inheritance
36
Q

Autosomal recessive inheritance

A

males or females carry a recessive allele on an autosome, homo rec. shows trait
-eg cystic fibrosis, albinism, sickle cell

37
Q

Autosomal dominant inheritance

A

dominant gene is carried on an autosome
homozygote dominant or hetero show traits
e.g. achondroplaia

38
Q

X linked recessive inheritance

A

recessive allele carried on X chromosome

e.g. color blindness and hemophilia

39
Q

Prenatal diagnosis

A

cells obtained from:

  • embryo
  • amniotic fluid (amniocentensis)
  • placenta (chorionic villus sampling)
40
Q

Postnatal genetic screening

A

biochemical and molecular tests

41
Q

Nontraditional patterns of inheritance

A

cytoplasmic inheritance and genomic imprinting

42
Q

Cytoplasmic inheritance

A
  • genes carried on DNA in mitochondria or chloroplasts

- follows maternal line

43
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

expression of an allele is determined by the parent that contributed it

  • other is silenced (imprinted allele)
  • usually by methylation
44
Q

Igf2

A

codes for insulin-like growth factor

-paternal copy is active, maternal is imprinted