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Cell Biology Final Exam > Gene Structure and Expression > Flashcards

Gene Structure and Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

Garrod

A

studied alkaptonuria disease

  • metabolic disorder caused by alteration in a gene that encodes the enzyme that metabolizes this chemical
  • turns black in air
  • inherited
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2
Q

Beadle and Tatum

A

grow mould on minimal media

-Hypothesis: each mutant had defective gene for enzyme needed to synthesize a particular nutrient

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3
Q

One gene-one enzyme hypothesis

A

direct relationship between genes and enzymes

-later altered

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4
Q

One gene-one polypeptide hypothesis

A
  • not all proteins are enzymes
  • functional proteins sometimes contain one or more polypeptides
  • different genes encode each polypeptide
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5
Q

Transcription

A
  • nucleotide sequence in DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in an RNA molecule
  • template strand of DNA is used to create messenger RNA (mRNA)
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6
Q

Translation

A
  • sequence of nucleotides in mRNA molecule specifies amino acid sequence in polypeptide
  • ribosome assembles the amino acid sequence
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7
Q

Which way are DNA template strands read?

A

3’ to 5’

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8
Q

Which way are mRNA strands read?

A

5’ to 3’

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9
Q

Start codon

A

AUG, methionine, establishes reading frame

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10
Q

Stop codon

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

end of a polypeptide-encoding mRNA sequence

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11
Q

How is transcription different than DNA replication

A
  • only one DNA strand used as a template
  • only transcribes the genes
  • RNA polymerases used’
  • RNA are single strands
  • Uracil replaces thymine
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12
Q

RNA polymerases

A

no primers needed

-RNA is made 5’ to 3’

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13
Q

Promoter

A
  • control sequence initiates transcription
  • upstream of transcriptional unit
  • where RNA polymerase binds
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14
Q

Transcriptional unit

A

-portion of gene that is copied into RNA

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15
Q

Terminator

A

-signals the end of transcription of a gene

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16
Q

TATA box

A

The TATA box in the promoter is about 30 base pairs upstream of the transcription will initiate

17
Q

5’ Cap

A

site where ribosome attaches to mRNA

18
Q

PolyA Tail

A

protects mRNA from RNA-digesting enzymes

19
Q

Introns

A

non-protein-coding sequences in the pre-mRNA

must be removed before translation

20
Q

Exons

A

amino acid coding sequences in pre-mRNA

joined together sequentially in final mRNA

21
Q

Spliceosome

A

pre-mRNA

small ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNP)

22
Q

snRNPs

A
  • bind to introns
  • loops introns out of the pre-mRNA
  • clip the intron at each exon boundary
  • join adjacent exons together
23
Q

Alternative splicing

A
  • exons joined in different combinations to produce different mRNAs from the same gene
  • different mRNA versions translated into different proteins with different functions
  • more information can be stored in the DNA
24
Q

Transfer RNAs

A
  • bring specific amino acids to ribosome
  • cloverleaf shape
  • bottom end contains anticodon sequence that pairs with codon in mRNAs
  • top end contains amino acids
25
Q

Wobble hypothesis

A

61 different sense codons do not require 61 different tRNAs

-third nucleotide has more flexibility

26
Q

Aminoacylation

A

adds amino acid to tRNA

27
Q

Translation intiation

A

ribosome assembled with mRNA molecule and initiator methioneine-tRNA

28
Q

Translation elongation

A

amino acids linked to tRNAs added one at a time to growing polypeptide chain

29
Q

Translation termination

A

new polypeptide released from ribosome

-ribosomal subunits separate from mRNA

30
Q

Polysomes

A

multiple ribosomes can simultaneously translate a single mRNA

31
Q

Polypeptide processing

A
  • removal of one or more amino acids from the protein chains
  • addition of organic groups
  • folding guided by chaperones
32
Q

Missense mutation

A

changes a sense codon to different sense codon

33
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

changes a sense codon to a stop codon

34
Q

Silent mutation

A

changes one sense codon to another sense codon that specifies the same amino acid

35
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

base-pair insertion of deletion alters the reading frame after the point of the mutation

36
Q

Spontaneous mutations

A

errors during DNA replication or repair

37
Q

Induced mutations

A

physical, chemical, and biological agents (mutagens) that generate mutations-mutagenesis

Cell Biology Final Exam (6 decks)

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