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T3 - x ray physics > generators and components > Flashcards

generators and components Flashcards

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1
Q

wavelength and frequency of a wave are ___ proportional

A

inverseley

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2
Q

velocity is equal to the ___ ___ ___

A

speed of light

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3
Q

if frequency increases, then wavelength ____

A

decreases

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4
Q

___ ___: the x-ray examination room appearance can vary from establishment to establishment

A

x-ray suite

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5
Q

x-ray machines consist of 3 basic components

A

operating console
high voltage generator
x-ray tube

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6
Q

most x-ray imaging systems are designed to operate on ___v power

A

220

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7
Q

electricity in the walls is __v

A

120

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8
Q

the ___ ___ measures the voltage provided to the x-ray machine and adjusts that voltage to exactly 220v

A

line compensator

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9
Q

line compensators are used to regulate the ___ in the machine

A

voltage

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10
Q

___ ____ refers to the number of x-rays or intensity of the x-ray beam

A

radiation quantity (mAs)

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11
Q

radiation quantity is expressed in ____ or ____

A

milliroentgens

milliampere-second

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12
Q

___ ___ refers to the penetrability of the x-ray beam

A

radiation energy (kVp)

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13
Q

radiation energy is expressed in ___ ___

A

kilovolt peak

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14
Q

radiation quantity can be though of how many x-rays are ___

A

made

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15
Q

radiation energy can be thought of as how likely the x-rays are to ___ the patient

A

penetrate

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16
Q

if you increase the radiation energy then you are ___ likely to penetrate

A

more

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17
Q

the operator is able to directly control the ___ and __ on the console

A

mAs

kVp

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18
Q

the number of x-rays that reach the image receptor is directly related to both the x-ray tube ____ and the ___ that the tube is energized

A

current

time

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19
Q

most active machines today are equipped with electronic timers controlled by a ____

A

microprocessor

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20
Q

____x_____= mAs

A

sec x milli-amperes

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21
Q

automatic exposure control is used with ___ ___

A

digital radiography

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22
Q

digital radiography measures the quantity of radiation that reaches the ___ ___

A

image receptor

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23
Q

digital radiography automatically ____ the exposure when the receptors receives the required ____

A

terminates

intensity

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24
Q

in order to produce x-rays, a very high voltage potential has to be reached and the current must be ____

A

direct

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25
Q

for the current to be direct, there needs to be a high voltage _____ and a voltage _____

A

transformer

rectifier

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26
Q

the voltage rectifier allows the current to flow in ___ directly

A

1

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27
Q

voltage rectifier converts ___ current to ____ current

A

alternating

direct

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28
Q

converting alternating current to direct current is accomplished by using ____

A

diodes

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29
Q

the electricity in the walls is an ____ current

A

alternating

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30
Q

a very small amount (~__%) of the energy used to prodocue an x-ray is converted in to ____

A

1

x-rays

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31
Q

the energy that is not used to make the actual x-ray (__%) is essentially wasted as ___ ___

A

99

heat energy

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32
Q

___ ___ is often a limiting factor as to how many x-rays can be made in a single exposure

A

heat energy

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33
Q

alternating current generator has a ____% ripple

A

100

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34
Q

single phase half rectified generator has a ___% ripple

A

100

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35
Q

single phase full rectified generator is ____% ripple

A

100

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36
Q

alternating current has an ___ and ___ appearance

A

up

down

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37
Q

single phase half rectified generators’ wave is the same as alternating current, however, the wave at the bottom is ___ ____

A

cut off

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38
Q

single phase full rectified generator has the same appearance as alternating current however the bottom wave is ___

A

inverted

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39
Q

triple phase full rectified generator is ___% ripple

A

14

40
Q

Triple phase full rectified generator’s wave is ___ and ___

A

tripled

flipped

41
Q

high frequency generators have a <__% ripple

A

1

42
Q

every generator is direct current except _____ ____

A

alternating current

43
Q

the lower voltage ripple, the greater x-ray ___ and ___, as a result of more constant voltage supplied to the tube

A

quantity

energy

44
Q

energy/quantity is ___ related to % of ripple

A

inversely

45
Q

when xrays are produced, they are emitted ____

A

isotropically

46
Q

____: equal intensity in all directions

A

isotropically

47
Q

we only use x-rays that are emitted through the ___ of the tube

A

window

48
Q

the x-ray that is emitted through the window of the tube is known as the __ beam or __ beam

A

useful

primary

49
Q

____ ____: x-rays that escape through the protective housing

A

leakage radiation

50
Q

__ housing with ___ lining is used to prevent leakage radiation and electric shock

A

steel

lead

51
Q

leakage radiation must not exceed __mR/hr at 1 meter

A

100

52
Q

x-ray tube is where the x-rays are ___

A

created

53
Q

internal omponents of the x-ray tube is composed of the ___ and ___

A

cathode

anode

54
Q

the x-ray tube is an electronic ___ tube with components contained in a __ or ___ enclosure

A

vacuum
glass
metal

55
Q

the __ of the x-ray tube allows for more efficient x-ray production

A

vacuum

56
Q

___ in the enclosure of the x-ray tube reduces electron flow from the cathode to the anode

A

gas

57
Q

as a tube ages, ___ vaporizes and coats the inside of the glass enclosure

A

tungsten

58
Q

newer models and virtually all high capacity x-ray tubes now use ___ enclosures

A

metal

59
Q

___: thermionic emission occurs here

A

cathode

60
Q

___: site of x-ray production

A

anode

61
Q

___ is negatively charged

A

cathode

62
Q

cathode holds the ___ in a focusing cup

A

filament

63
Q

in the cathode, electricity circuit sends ___ to the filaments, which heats up to the point of boiling off a ___ of ___; this process is known as ___ ___

A

electrons
cloud of electrons
thermionic emission

64
Q

filament in the cathod is usually made of ___ __

A

thoriated tungsten

65
Q

tungsten provides for a higher ___ ___ than other metals because its boiling point is ____

A

thermionic emission

3410

66
Q

the focusing cup is __ charged

A

negatively

67
Q

focusing cup is used to direct negatively charged electrons into a ___ area on the target

A

smaller

68
Q

___ ___: the cloud of electrons produced at the cathode

A

space charge

69
Q

the build up of negative charge makes it difficult for subsequent electrons to be emitted by the filament due to ___ ____

A

electrostatic repulsion

70
Q

2 filaments: 1 ___ and 1 ____

A

small

large

71
Q

small focal spot is used when ___ spatial resolution is required

A

better

72
Q

large focal spot is used when ___ body parts are imaged

A

large

73
Q

the anode is ___ charged, drawing the electrons from the cathode ___ it

A

positively

toward

74
Q

x-rays are created when electrons are shot over from the cathode and ___ into the anode

A

SLAM

75
Q

2 types of anodes

A

stationary

rotating

76
Q

___ anodes are sued in x-ray units in which high tube current and power are not required

A

STATIONARY

77
Q

rotating anodes are able to produce ___ energy x-rays and __ exposure time because of more ___ ___ and ___ ___

A

higher
shorter
surface area
heat dissipation

78
Q

3 functions of the anode

A

electrical conductor
mechanical support
thermal dissipator

79
Q

___ is the area of the anode struck by the electrons from the cathode

A

target

80
Q

in the stationary anode tube , the target is embedded in the ___

A

anode

81
Q

in the rotating anode tube, the target is the ___ ___

A

rotating disc

82
Q

the target of the anode is made of ___

A

tungsten`

83
Q

the target of the anode is made of tungsten because of 3 things

A

atomic number
thermal conductivity
high melting point

84
Q

___ ___ effect is the result of the line focus principle that distributes radiation intensity more on the cathode side than on the anode side

A

anode heel

85
Q

the x-rays that are emitted through the “heel” of the anode are ___ in intensity because they have to travel a ___ path through the anode

A

reduced

longer

86
Q

the difference in radiation intensity across the useful beam of an x-ray field can vary by as much as ___%

A

45

87
Q

in general, the anode portion of the tube should be oriented over the ___ portion of the anatomy

A

thinner

88
Q

anode heel effect is altered by 3 main factors:

A

anode angle
distance
x-ray field size

89
Q

the smaller the anode angle, the ___ the heel effect

A

greater

90
Q

the shorter the distance of the anode heel, the ___ the heel effect

A

greater

91
Q

the larger the field size of the x-ray, the ___ the heel effect

A

greater

92
Q

the rotating anode is powered by an ___ ___ ____ which has 2 principle parts separated from each other by the glass or metal enclosure

A

electromagnetic induction motor

93
Q

what are the 2 principle parts to the induction motor

A

stator

rotor

94
Q

___ is the part of the induction motor outside the enclosure

A

stator

95
Q

___ consists of a series of electromagnets equally spaced around the neck of the tube

A

stator

96
Q

__ is the part of the induction motor that is the part inside the enclosure

A

rotor

97
Q

___ consists of a copper/iron shaft

A

rotor

T3 - x ray physics (2 decks)

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