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T3 - x ray physics > fundamentals > Flashcards

fundamentals Flashcards

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1
Q

DACBR

A

diplomate of the american chiropractic board of radiology

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2
Q

____ is the smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic energy

A

photon

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3
Q

long wavelength = _____ frequency

A

low

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4
Q

fast wavelength = ___ frequency

A

high

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5
Q

____ is energy that comes from a source and travels through some material or through space

A

radiation

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6
Q

_____ radiation: radiation that has enough energy to eject electrons from electrically neutral atoms, leaving behind charged atoms

A

ionizing

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7
Q

ionizing radiation

- alpha particles?

A

helium nuclei

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8
Q

ionizing radiation

- beta particles

A

electrons

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9
Q

ionizing radiation

- x ray

A

high energy electromagnetic waves/particles

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10
Q

ionizing radiation

- gamma rays

A

high energy electromagnetic waves/particles

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11
Q

_____ are produced in the electron cloud of articficially excited atoms

A

x-ray

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12
Q

____ ___ are produced inside the nucleus of radioative atoms

A

gamma rays

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13
Q

___ are manmade

A

x-rays

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14
Q

naturally occuring environmental radiation

  • ____ (55%)
  • ____ ____ (8%)
  • _____ radiation (8%)
  • ____ ____ ____ (11%)
A

radon
cosmic rays
terrestrial radiation
internally deposited radionucleotides

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15
Q

man-made radiation

  • ___ ____ (11%)
  • ___ ___ (4%)
  • ___ ____ (3%)
A

medical x-rays
nuclear medicine
consumer products

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16
Q

xray photons:

  • have no ___
  • always travel at the ___ ___ ___
  • have ____ wavelengths/frequencies
  • ___ and ___ are both proportional
  • are electrically _____
  • obey the ___ ___ law
A 
mass
speed of light
variable
energy/frequency
neutral
inverse square
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17
Q

ALARA

A

as low as reasonably possible

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18
Q

4 ways to maintain safe radiation exposure practices

A

filtration
collimation
protective apparel
protective barrier

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19
Q

___ ___ are inserted into the xray machine in order to absorb low energy x-rays

A

metal filters

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20
Q

____: method of restricting the x-ray beam to the part of the body of interest

A

collimation

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21
Q

____ lined shields/aprons are used by patients and technologist to help reduce unwanted exposure

A

lead

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22
Q

____ is a unit of radiation exposure

A

Roentgen

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23
Q

Roentgen measure the ability to ionize the ____

A

air

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24
Q

x-ray imaging systems are measured in ____

A

milliroentgens

25
Q

1mR = ____R

A

.001

26
Q

SI unit for Roentgen is ___ ___

A

air kerma

27
Q

1R = ___ Gy(a)

A

.01

28
Q

1Gy(a) = ___R

A

100

29
Q

___ ___ measures the amount of radiation is deposited/mass

A

absorbed dose (rad)

30
Q

the SI unit for absorbed dose is ____

A

gray (Gy(t))

31
Q

1rad = ___Gy(t)

A

.01

32
Q

absorbed dose measures the ability to ionize ___

A

tissue

33
Q

___ ___ is used to express the amount of radiation recieved by radiation workers and populations

A

dose equivalent

34
Q

SI unit of dose equivalent is ____

A

seivert

35
Q

1rem = ___SV

A

.01

36
Q

___ is the unit of quantity of radioactive material, not the radiation emitted by the material

A

curie

37
Q

SI unit of curie is ____

A

becquerel

38
Q

1Ci = ___ becquerel

A

3.7x10^10

39
Q

___ ___ ___ is a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue

A

linear energy transfer

40
Q

linear energy transfer express in

A

kiloelectron volt of energy per micrometer of soft tissue

41
Q

LET of diagnostic x-rays ~

A

3Kev/um

42
Q

___ ___ ___ is a relative quantification of the ability of radiation to produce biologic damage

A

relative biologic effectiveness

43
Q

RBE of xrays is ___

A

1

44
Q

X-rays

  • cannot be focused by a ___
  • are ___ by human senses
  • are highly ____
  • travel in ___ lines in a divergent beam
  • produce scatter ___
  • cause certain substances to ____
  • can expose _____ _____
  • can produce biological changes by ____
A 
lens
undetected
penetrating
straight
radiation
fluoresce
photographic film
ionization
45
Q

___ is an entity that varies in space and time

A

wave

46
Q

3 characteristics of a wave

A

wavelength
frequency
velocity

47
Q

___: distance over which the waves shape repeats

A

wavelength

48
Q

____: the number of waves per unit of time

A

frequency

49
Q

___: the product of wavelength and frequency

A

velocity

50
Q

all x-rays travel at a ___ speed

A

constant

51
Q

speed of light = _____m/s

A

3x10^8

52
Q

shorter the wavelength, the ___ the frequency

A

higher

53
Q

wavelength and frequency are ___ proportional

A

INVERSELY

54
Q

visible light photons tend to act more like ___

A

waves

55
Q

xray photons tend to act more like ___

A

particles

56
Q

____ ___ law: intensity of xrays is inversely proportional to the square of the distance traveled

A

inverse square law

57
Q

inverse square law

- if we double the distance, the intensity changes by a factor of ____

A

1/4

58
Q

if we half the distance, the intensity changes by a factor of ___

A

4

T3 - x ray physics (2 decks)

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