fundamentals Flashcards
DACBR
diplomate of the american chiropractic board of radiology
____ is the smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic energy
photon
long wavelength = _____ frequency
low
fast wavelength = ___ frequency
high
____ is energy that comes from a source and travels through some material or through space
radiation
_____ radiation: radiation that has enough energy to eject electrons from electrically neutral atoms, leaving behind charged atoms
ionizing
ionizing radiation
- alpha particles?
helium nuclei
ionizing radiation
- beta particles
electrons
ionizing radiation
- x ray
high energy electromagnetic waves/particles
ionizing radiation
- gamma rays
high energy electromagnetic waves/particles
_____ are produced in the electron cloud of articficially excited atoms
x-ray
____ ___ are produced inside the nucleus of radioative atoms
gamma rays
___ are manmade
x-rays
naturally occuring environmental radiation
- ____ (55%)
- ____ ____ (8%)
- _____ radiation (8%)
- ____ ____ ____ (11%)
radon
cosmic rays
terrestrial radiation
internally deposited radionucleotides
man-made radiation
- ___ ____ (11%)
- ___ ___ (4%)
- ___ ____ (3%)
medical x-rays
nuclear medicine
consumer products
xray photons:
- have no ___
- always travel at the ___ ___ ___
- have ____ wavelengths/frequencies
- ___ and ___ are both proportional
- are electrically _____
- obey the ___ ___ law
mass speed of light variable energy/frequency neutral inverse square
ALARA
as low as reasonably possible
4 ways to maintain safe radiation exposure practices
filtration
collimation
protective apparel
protective barrier
___ ___ are inserted into the xray machine in order to absorb low energy x-rays
metal filters
____: method of restricting the x-ray beam to the part of the body of interest
collimation
____ lined shields/aprons are used by patients and technologist to help reduce unwanted exposure
lead
____ is a unit of radiation exposure
Roentgen
Roentgen measure the ability to ionize the ____
air
x-ray imaging systems are measured in ____
milliroentgens
1mR = ____R
.001
SI unit for Roentgen is ___ ___
air kerma
1R = ___ Gy(a)
.01
1Gy(a) = ___R
100
___ ___ measures the amount of radiation is deposited/mass
absorbed dose (rad)
the SI unit for absorbed dose is ____
gray (Gy(t))
1rad = ___Gy(t)
.01
absorbed dose measures the ability to ionize ___
tissue
___ ___ is used to express the amount of radiation recieved by radiation workers and populations
dose equivalent
SI unit of dose equivalent is ____
seivert
1rem = ___SV
.01
___ is the unit of quantity of radioactive material, not the radiation emitted by the material
curie
SI unit of curie is ____
becquerel
1Ci = ___ becquerel
3.7x10^10
___ ___ ___ is a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue
linear energy transfer
linear energy transfer express in
kiloelectron volt of energy per micrometer of soft tissue
LET of diagnostic x-rays ~
3Kev/um
___ ___ ___ is a relative quantification of the ability of radiation to produce biologic damage
relative biologic effectiveness
RBE of xrays is ___
1
X-rays
- cannot be focused by a ___
- are ___ by human senses
- are highly ____
- travel in ___ lines in a divergent beam
- produce scatter ___
- cause certain substances to ____
- can expose _____ _____
- can produce biological changes by ____
lens undetected penetrating straight radiation fluoresce photographic film ionization
___ is an entity that varies in space and time
wave
3 characteristics of a wave
wavelength
frequency
velocity
___: distance over which the waves shape repeats
wavelength
____: the number of waves per unit of time
frequency
___: the product of wavelength and frequency
velocity
all x-rays travel at a ___ speed
constant
speed of light = _____m/s
3x10^8
shorter the wavelength, the ___ the frequency
higher
wavelength and frequency are ___ proportional
INVERSELY
visible light photons tend to act more like ___
waves
xray photons tend to act more like ___
particles
____ ___ law: intensity of xrays is inversely proportional to the square of the distance traveled
inverse square law
inverse square law
- if we double the distance, the intensity changes by a factor of ____
1/4
if we half the distance, the intensity changes by a factor of ___
4
