Generalized Fundamentals Flashcards
Mean (math definitions)
the average of a data set, found by adding all numbers together and then dividing the sum of the numbers by the total number of values.
Median (math definitions)
the middle value in a series of numbers ordered from least to greatest.
Mode (math definitions)
the values that occur most frequently in a list of numbers.
Range (math definitions)
The difference between the maximum and minimum in a set of data.
Probability (math definitions)
The likelihood of an event happening.
Normal distribution (math definitions)
Also known as Gaussian distribution, normal distribution refers to a probability distribution that is reflected across the mean or center of a bell curve.
Atomic weight (chem definitions)
average mass of atoms of an element.
Stoichiometry (chem definitions)
study of quantitative relationships between substances undergoing a physical or chemical change.
Protons (chem definitions)
component of the atomic nucleus with a defined mass of 1 and charge of +1.
Electrons (chem definitions)
stable negatively charged subatomic particle.
Neutrons (chem definitions)
particle in the atomic nucleus that has a mass of 1 and charge of 0.
Valance (chem definitions)
number of electrons needed to fill the outermost electron shell.
Bond (chem definitions)
a chemical link formed between atoms in molecules and molecules and ions in crystals.
Molecules (chem definitions)
chemical species formed by two or more atoms that share chemical bonds such that they form one unit.
pH (chem definitions)
measure of the hydrogen ion concentration, reflecting how acidic or basic a substance is.
Acid (chem definitions)
a chemical species that accepts electrons or donate protons or hydrogen ions.
Alkaline (chem definitions)
an aqueous solution with a pH greater than 7.
Logarithmic scale (chem definitions)
Organic Structures (chem definitions)
Inorganic Structures (chem definitions)
Isomers (chem definitions)
chemical species with the same number and type of atoms as another species, but a different arrangement and thus different properties.
Free radicals (chem definitions)
an atom or molecule with an unpaired electron.
Carbon bonds (chem definitions)
Benzene rings (chem definitions)
Hydrocarbons (chem definitions)
molecule consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (chem definitions)
an organic compound containing double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
Polyunsaturated Hydrocarbons (chem definitions)
Saturated Hydrocarbons (chem definitions)
Velocity (phys definitions)
the rate of change of the position of an object with respect to a given frame of reference. Velocity specifies both an object’s speed and direction of motion.
Force (phys definitions)
A push or pull. Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of a physical body. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. The SI unit used to measure force is the newton.
Waves (phys definitions)
A disturbance or oscillation that travels through spacetime accompanied by a transfer of energy.
Particles (phys definitions)
a small localized object which can be described by several physical or chemical properties, such as volume, density, or mass.
Energy (phys definitions)
The ability to do work.
Carcinogen (tox definitions)
any agent that promotes the development of cancer.
Teratogen (tox definitions)
a substance that interferes with normal fetal development and causes congenital disabilities.
Mutagen (tox definitions)
a physical or chemical agent that permanently changes genetic material, usually DNA, in an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level.
Time Weighted Average (tox definitions)
the average exposure over a specified period, usually a nominal eight hours, as it pertains to permissible exposure limits.
Mitosis (gene definitions)
part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.
Meiosis (gene definitions)
a special type of cell division of germ cells that produces the gametes, the sperm or egg cells. It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells, each with only one copy of each chromosome (haploid).
Phenotype (gene definitions)
a set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism.
Genotype (gene definitions)
an organisms complete set of genetic material.
Obligate aerobes (micro definitions)
an organism that requires oxygen to grow.
Obligate anaerobes (micro definitions)
microorganisms killed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen.
Facultative anaerobes (micro definitions)
an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.
Psychrophiles (micro definitions)
extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in low temperatures, ranging from −4 °F to 68 °F.
Mesophiles (micro definitions)
an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, with an optimum growth range from 68 to 113 °F.
Thermophiles (micro definitions)
an organism that thrives at relatively high temperatures, between 106 and 252 °F.
Acidophiles (micro definitions)
organisms that thrive under highly acidic conditions (usually at pH 5.0 or below).
Neutrophiles (micro definitions)
an organism that thrives in a neutral pH environment between 6.5 and 7.5.
Alkalophiles (micro definitions)
Halophiles (micro definitions)
an extremophile that thrives in high salt concentrations. In chemical terms, halophile refers to a Lewis acidic species that has some ability to extract halides from other chemical species.
Halotolerant (micro definitions)
the adaptation of living organisms to conditions of high salinity.
Osmophiles (micro definitions)
an extremophile microorganism adapted to environments generating high osmotic pressures, such as aqueous solutions with high salt or sugar concentrations.
Xerophiles (micro definitions)
Endotoxin (micro definitions)
Exotoxin (micro definitions)
Acidic Solution (chem definitions)
an aqueous solution with a pH less than 7.0.
