General Zumdahl Vocab Flashcards
1/12 of the mass of an atom of 12C
Atomic mass unit(u)
synonymous with atomic mass unit
Dalton
formula for a salt
formula unit
contains the relative amounts of reactants that match the numbers in the balanced equation.
Stoichiometric mixture
solutions where concentration is known
Standard solutions
procedure where you find the concentration of a solution
Standardizing a solution
solutions in concentrated form
Stock Solutions
reaction where same element is oxidized and reduced
Disproportionation
measures atmospheric pressure
Barometer
unit equal to one mm Hg
Torr
Molar mass of specific gas relative to molar mass of air
Vapor density
law where if pressure and temperature remain the same, the total volume of a gaseous mixture will be the sum of the partial volumes of the gasses
Amagat’s law
Calculates vapor pressure from temperature
Clausius Clapeyron Equation
the average distance a particle travels between collisions
Mean free path
system that blows powdered limestone to remove sulfur
Scrubber
thick suspension produced after lime is injected into exhaust gases
Slurry
in going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps
Hess’s Law
the energy that needs to be added for the homolytic or symmetrical cleavage of a bond in the gas phase
Bond enthalpy
heats petroleum to break kerosene bonds to form more gasoline
Pyrolytic cracking
hydrogen and carbon monoxide mixture produced by coal gasification
Syngas
fuel produced by coal pulverized and mixed with water
Coal slurry
Alcohol - gasoline mixture
Gasohol
As protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons are added to hydrogen-like orbitals.
Aufbau principle
Chromium Electron Config
[Ar] 4s(1)3d(5)
Copper Electron Config
[Ar] 4s(1)3d(10)
The lowest energy configuration for an atom is the one having the maximum number of unpaired electrons allowed by the Pauli principle in a particular set of degenerate orbitals.
Hund’s rule
used to determine ionization energy. High energy photons are directed at the sample and the kinetic energies of the ejected electrons are measured.
Photoelectron spectroscopy
rules that allow you to calculate effective nuclear charge on an electron
Slater’s rules
Coinage Metals
gold, silver, and copper
metals highly resistant to heat and wear
Refractory metals
energy required to break a chemical bond
Bond Energy
unit of dipole moment
Debyes
molecules composed of two identical atoms
Homonuclear diatomic molecules
surface of the electron sea at absolute zero where no electrons will have enough energy to rise above the surface
Fermi level
Alloy where atoms replace each other
substitutional
Alloy where atoms fit between each other
interstitial
temperature graph of a substance when energy is added as heat at a constant rate
Heating curve
Once a bubble forms in a superheated liquid, it accumulates vapor much faster than normal and cause burst and splash liquid out of the container
Bumping
meant to prevent bumping; bits of porous ceramic material containing trapped air that escapes on heating, forming tiny bubbles that act as “starters” for vapor bubble formation
Boiling chips
static pressure of a liquid reduces to below the liquid’s vapor pressure, leading to the formation of small vapor-filled cavities in the liquid
Cavitation
Since melting point decreases with pressure for water, applying pressure can melt ice
Regelation
Enthalpy of breaking intermolecular bonds in the pure solvent and creating interactions between the solute and solvent
Enthalpy of hydration
concentration of gas in solvent is proportional to its partial pressure
Henry’s law
coating of insoluble calcium carbonate on industrial boilers and tea kettles and that can block pipes and decrease heat transfer
Boiler scale
Solution vapor pressure is the weighted average of their vapor pressures
Raoult’s law
a mixture of two or more liquids whose proportions cannot be altered or changed by simple distillation
Azeotrope
properties that depend only on the number, and not on the identity, of the solute particles in an ideal solution
Colligative
light scattered by colloids makes them blue
Tyndall Effect
suspensions of tiny particles in a medium
Colloid
Colloids dispersed in gas
aerosols
Colloids gas dispersed in liquid
foam
Colloids gas dispersed in solid
solid foam
Colloids liquid dispersed in liquid
emulsion
Colloids solid dispersed in liquid
sol
Colloids solid dispersed in solid
solid sol
Colloids liquid dispersed in solid
solid emulsion
equation gives change in equilibrium constant for a change in temperature
Van’t Hoff’s Equation
acid where proton is attached to an oxygen atom
oxyacid
can behave as an acid or a base
amphoteric
molecules regularly transfering protons between each other
autoionization
having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
amphipathic
All acids tend to become indistinguishable in strength when dissolved in strongly basic solvents
Leveling effect
Equilibrium constant for water autoionization
Ion product constant
Calcium Hydroxide common name
slaked lime
a compound or mixture that contains a Lewis acid and a Lewis base which, because of steric hindrance, cannot combine to form a classical adduct.
Frustrated Lewis Pair
The shift in equilibrium position that occurs because of the addition of an ion already involved in the equilibrium reaction
Common Ion Effect
determining the amount of a certain substance by doing a titration
Volumetric Analysis
solution added to solution to be analyzed in a titration
titrant
solution analyzed during titration
analyte
point when the two solutions react exactly in a titration
equivalence point
point when the indicator actually changes color in a titration
endpoint
equilibrium constant for salt dissolution
Ksp - solubility product constant
water molecules taken out of the environment(like water vapor) to be adsorbed or absorbed into a material
Hygroscopy
take so much water out of the environment they form an aqueous solution that dissolves itself
Deliquescent material
migration of a salt to the surface of a porous material, where it forms a coating
Efflorescence
basically reaction quotient for salts
Ion product
using a reagent whose anion forms a precipitate with only one or a few of the metal ions in the mixture
Selective Precipitation
determining ions in a solution through selective precipitation
Qualitative Analysis
number of ligands attached to a metal ion
coordination number
equilibrium constant describing the addition of a ligand to a metal ion
formation constant
mixture of HCl(acid + ligand) and HNO3(acid + oxidizer of sulfur) to dissolve HgS and Gold
Aqua Regia
system can’t have matter leave, but energy can leave
Closed System
system can’t have matter or energy leave
Isolated System
In plane bending of bonds in opposite directions
scissoring
In plane bending of bonds in the same direction
rocking
out of plane bending of bonds in opposite directions
twisting
out of plane bending of bonds in the same direction
wagging
an effective attractive force that arises between large colloidal particles that are suspended in a dilute solution of depletants, which are smaller solutes that are preferentially excluded from the vicinity of the large particles.
Depletion force
the generation of electricity through chemical reactions
Galvanism
device in which chemical energy is changed to electrical energy
Galvanic cell
galvanic cell where both sides have the same components, but at different concentrations
concentration cell
gives the relationship between the cell potential and the concentrations of the cell components
Nernst Equation
Lead storage battery cathode and anode
lead as anode and lead coated in lead dioxide as the cathode
Dry Acid Battery cathode and anode
anode is zinc inner case and cathode is carbon rod
electrolyte in Dry Acid Battery
NH4Cl
electrolyte in alkaline battery
KOH or NaOH
Silver cell anode and cathode
anode is zinc and cathode is silver oxide
Mercury cell anode and cathode
anode is zinc and cathode is mercury oxide
Nickel-Cadmium battery anode and cathode
Anode is cadmium and cathode is nickel oxide
battery where lithium ions move to cathode and electrons flow to balance it
Lithium ion battery
metals oxidizing
corrosion
coating steel with zinc
galvanizing steel
created when gaseous or ionic metals are incorporated into the surface of a metal
Surface Alloys
a more reactive anode metal connected to a metal that should be protected and the anode provides the electrons rather than the cathode, preventing rusting
Cathodic Protection
uses electrical energy to produce chemical change
Electrolytic cell
voltage needed above the expected value for an electrolytic cell
Overvoltage
graphical representation of nernst equation
Pourbaix diagram
neutrons and protons
Nucleons
unique atom
Nuclide
amount of energy released in forming the nucleus
binding energy per nucleon
number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus is particularly stable
Magic numbers
type of circular particle accelerator
Cyclotron
elements beyond element 92
transuranic
measures radioactivity based on measurement of ionization of matter
Geiger–Müller counter
measures radioactivity based on zinc sulfide giving off light in response to radioactivity
scintillation counter
radioactive nuclides that can be introduced into organisms in food or drugs and whose pathways can be traced by monitoring their radioactivity
radiotracers
surrounds cylinders in reactor core to slow down neutrons and allow them to be more effectively captured
moderator
made of substances that absorb neutrons; used to control power level of reactor
control rods
fissionable material produced while reactor runs
Breeder reactors
unit of energy of ionizing radiation
Rad
unit of both the energy dose of the radiation and its effectiveness in causing biological damage
Roentgen
attaining a metal from its ore
metallurgy
resin or polymer that acts as a medium for ion exchange for water softening
ion exchange resin
group name for boron
triels
group name for carbon
Crystallogens/Adamantogens
Tin crumbles away when exposed to low temperatures
tin disease
deposition of an overlayer on a crystalline substrate, where the overlayer is in registry with the substrate
epitaxy
Ozone can be used in water treatment
ozonolysis
number of coordinate covalent bonds a ligand can form
Denticity
ligands form two or more bonds to a metal ion where the bonds are on different atoms in the ligand molecule
Chelating Ligands
two or more species have the same formula, but different properties
Isomerism
isomer with different bonds
structural/constitutional
isomer bonding through different atoms
linkage isomer
complex isomer
coordination isomer
for a structure with n asymmetric carbon atoms, there is a maximum of 2n different stereoisomers possible
Le Bel-van’t Hoff rule
isomer with same bonds
stereoisomer
non mirror image stereoisomer
diastereomer
mirror image stereoisomer
enantiomer/optical isomer
diastereomers that contain more than one chiral center but differ from each other in the absolute configuration at only one chiral center.
epimer
hindered rotation about a single bond causes energy differences due to steric strain or other contributors create a barrier to rotation that is high enough to allow for isolation of individual conformers
Atropisomers
diastereomer with same structural formula but with different shapes due to rotations about one or more bonds
Conformational isomer
diastereomer with same structural formula, but different arrangement of atoms
Geometric/Cis Trans Isomer
cyclic version of epimers
Anomers
enantiomer that rotates light to the right
Dextrorotatory
enantiomer that rotates light to the left
Levorotatory
mixture of L and D enantiomers
Racemic mixture
an attempt to account for the colors and magnetic properties of complex ions
Crystal Field Theory
ranks ligands in their ability to produce d splitting
Spectrochemical series
repels virtually all liquids
Omniphobic
Saturated Hydrocarbons/Alkanes alternative name
Paraffins
Alkenes alternative name
Olefins
Alkynes alternative name
Acetylenes
determines if a cyclic planar ring molecule is aromatic
Huckel’s rule
polymer created from one type of monomer
Homopolymer
polymer created from two types of monomer
Copolymer
two monomers joined
Dimer
covalent bonding between adjacent polymer chains
Crosslinking
polymer when molded to a certain shape under high pressure and temperature cannot be softened again or dissolved
Thermoset polymer
polymer that can be remelted after being molded
Thermoplastic polymer
temperature change of a real gas or liquid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the environment
Joule Thompson Effect
substance bombarded with infrared light and what is absorbed vs what is not is detected to allow us to figure out the structure of the molecule
Infrared Spectrometry
technique that monitors color change in a reaction
Spectrophotometry
Formula for absorbance
Beer’s Law
the gradual deterioration and eventual cracking of a material by alternate heating and cooling during which free thermal expansion is partially or completely constrained.
Thermal Fatigue
a part of a molecule that is given a name because it is identified as a part of other molecules as well
Moeity
an achiral compound that has chiral centers
Meso compound
the tendency of the two electrons in the outermost atomic s-orbital to remain unshared in compounds of post-transition metals
Inert Pair Effect
any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen
Heteroatom
alloy of mercury with another metal
Amalgam
chemical that lowers surface tension
Surfactant
the entropy of vaporization is almost the same value, about 85–88 J/(K·mol), for various kinds of liquids at their boiling points.
Trouton’s rule
describes carbon chemicals that form chains and not rings
Aliphatic
